明末清初江南婦女社交活動之研究; The research of women’s social activities in the south of Yangzi River area from the late Ming dynasty to the beginning of Qing dynasty

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题名:	明末清初江南婦女社交活動之研究;The research of women’s social activities in the south of Yangzi River area from the late Ming dynasty to the beginning of Qing dynasty
作者:	黃鳳儀;Fong-yi Huang
贡献者:	歷史研究所碩士在職專班
关键词:	社交活動;婦女;經濟發展;社會風氣;明末清初;women;social activities;the late Ming dynasty and the beginning of Qing;the wanton social atmosphere;economic development
日期:	2011-06-20
上传时间:	2012-01-05 14:06:39 (UTC+8)
摘要:	明朝中葉以後，由於朝政腐敗以致法令不彰、禮教鬆弛，使得社會風氣漸趨開放；也由於商業經濟繁榮，文人富賈無不追求財富地位、聲色之娛，社會中彌漫著縱欲享樂的風氣。婦女在此氛圍下，逐漸擁有了較大的生活空間與行動上的自由，必然會與各種社會活動有所交集。本文即是要探討明末清初這一段時期婦女社交活動的情形。在商品經濟的發達和各行各業的分工的影響下，婦女可以藉由不同的工作增加家庭收入，使其不但在家庭中的經濟地位提升，也強化了婦女意識的覺醒。婦女的自主行為常表現在服飾的奢華競麗與輔助家中經濟的改善，傳統柔順儉樸的婦女形象受到挑戰。江南世家大族的書香教養，使得文風盛行；文人士大夫對於婦女教育的改觀、印刷業的進步，都鼓勵了當時的婦女讀書識字。富有文采的女性常藉由結社唱和做為彼此交游的方式，無不被認為是清雅高尚之韻事，也間接顛覆了「女子無才便是德」的說法。此外，傳統節慶的慶祝以及各種旅遊活動，更是婦女受禮教禁錮已久的身心得到宣洩調劑的機會，因此她們無不熱衷參與。「女子十歲不出中門」的教誨則未必是當時婦女現實生活的全然面貌。傳統「男主外、女主內」的生活模式也為了因應世家大族婦女生活的某些特殊需求而有所改變，職業型的婦女的應運而生便是滿足當時封閉社會的生活模式，因而產生了以營利取向的交際型態。明末至清初風輕水軟的秦淮河畔，盡是紙醉金迷的煙花楚館，文人與富賈無不流連其中，而滿腹經綸或擅於度曲的青樓才女與文士間或友誼或愛情的藝文交流，更是令人傳頌不已。 From the late Ming dynasty to the beginning of Qing dynasty, women have a wider range of social activities in the south of Yangzi River area due to the following factors. First of all, the emperors are tired of managing the country, which decays social order little by little. In addition, the fast and prosperous economic development leads to a wanton atmosphere in this area. Moreover, women make more money by means of doing different jobs, that’s why they can enhance their own consciousness as well as promote their status in the families. There are several kinds of social activities that women take interest in taking part in. For example, learned women often hold artistic activity by making poets with those who have the same interest, and they leave many valuable works. Most of the medium and low levels women are enthusiastic about the worship rituals to the gods because of various wishes and yearnings. In the traditional society, some special career women who make use of their social skills to earn their living come into existence in order to meet the social realistic needs. Also, Relatives and neighbors sometimes gather together on holidays to share foods and keep in touch with one another. At last, famous prostitutes who can write poets , articles or play musical instruments and so on always enjoy getting along with men of civilian background.
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