「工業學大慶」運動之研究;Research of China’s &quot; The Campaign to Learn from Daqing in Industry&quot;

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题名:	「工業學大慶」運動之研究;Research of China’s ";The Campaign to Learn from Daqing in Industry"
作者:	梁雅琳;Liang,Ya-lin
贡献者:	歷史研究所碩士在職專班
关键词:	貧油論;石油會戰;王進喜;大慶式企業;石油派;Petroleum meet for great battle;The enterprise of Daqing style;Wang Jinxi;Petroleum faction;Theory of lean oil
日期:	2012-06-13
上传时间:	2012-09-11 17:54:14 (UTC+8)
出版者:	國立中央大學
摘要:	1960年代以前，中國受制於西方「貧油論」和工業技術落後的因素影響下，石油探勘和開發在〈一五計畫〉中成為未實現的目標。隨著中蘇關係的惡化，毛澤東決心找出一條具有中國特色的工業建設道路，1960年展開的大慶「石油會戰」，其生產模式和思想精神即成為中共實現石油自給、推廣毛澤東思想、走向自力更生工業化最有力的樣板。自1964年起，在毛澤東號召下，中共展開「工業學大慶」運動，更鼓吹王進喜等石油工人的事蹟，舉辦展覽會、學習班以吸引群眾的仿效。由於「文化大革命」的爆發，對大慶油田的產量造成莫大的衝擊，油田的職工和幹部也陸續遭到波及，「工業學大慶」運動隨即萎靡不振，直到中共中央下達軍事管制的命令和上山下鄉運動的推展，對局勢的穩定才有一定程度的助益。1971年起，官方報刊連續四年於元旦社論中再度宣揚「工業學大慶」運動，但此時階級鬥爭的政治宣傳意味相當濃厚。往後中共更藉由世界能源危機發生之際，向資本主義國家輸出油品，藉此進行石油外交，大大提升中華人民共和國的民族自信心。 1977年，中共召開首次的「全國工業學大慶會議」，華國鋒以此進行政治動員並且凝聚群眾力量發展經濟，但是由於高指標、洋冒進的措施，使得國民經濟比例失調加劇。十一屆三中全會後，在實事求是的作風下，「大慶式企業」虛華不實的情事一一浮現，鄧小平集團遂藉著「渤海二號」事件對華國鋒及其庇蔭下的「石油派」展開鬥爭，「工業學大慶」運動一蹶不振。中共在1981年公佈〈關於工業學大慶問題的報告〉後，正式總結此一群眾運動的功過，同時也使長達十八年的「工業學大慶」運動終告結束。Hindered by the “Theory of depleted oil” from the western world and laggard industrial technology, China’s petroleum exploration and development of the oil industry were unfulfilled goals of “The First Five-Year Plan ” before 1960. Following the deterioration of Sino-Soviet relationship, Mao Zedong was determined to find a path to industrial maturity with Chinese characteristics. The “ Petroleum meet for great battle” in Daqing, launched in 1960 with its model of production and train of thoughts, became the poster child of China’s efforts to petroleum self-sufficiency, to promote Mao’s ideology, and to propel China to self-reliance and renovation of its industry. Since 1964, Mao called on the Chinese Communist Party（CCP） to engage in a the "Campaign to Learn from Daqing in Industry" by advocating heroic deeds of Wang Jinxi and his fellow oil field workers, and by organizing exhibitions and holding seminars to attract the masses to follow their examples. The outbreak of China’s "Cultural Revolution" not only greatly hampered the production of Daqing oil field; Oilfield workers and cadres are starting to have been affected. The "Campaign to Learn from Daqing in Industry" encountered enormous setback until the CCP Central Committee ordered military intervention and promoted the “Up the mountains and down to the villages” grass-root movement to stabilize the situation to a certain degree. Starting from 1971, the New Year's Day editorial of government newspapers once again promoted the "Campaign to Learn from Daqing in Industry" for four consecutive years. But it was more of political propaganda for the struggle of social classes than of substantial meaning. Moreover, the CCP more by the occasion of the world's energy crisis to export its petroleum product to capitalist countries in the so-called “petroleum diplomacy”, it greatly enhanced the national self-confidence of the People's Republic of China. The CCP held its first “The National Meeting On Learn From Daqing In Industry” in 1977. Hua Guofeng by this meeting of political mobilization and cohesion strength of the masses for economic development. But due to its high goals and aggressive measures, influenced by the western world, national economy was more out of balance than ever. After The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, in the realistic style of the “The enterprise of Daqing style” false vanity circumstances emerge one after another, Deng Xiaoping and his followers used the “The Bohai II drilling vessel capsize incident” to launch political attacks against Hua Guofeng and its under the protective wing “Petroleum faction”, bringing the "Campaign to Learn from Daqing in Industry" to a halt. The Communist China published “A report on the issues of the industry should learn from Daqing campaign” in 1981 as an official summary and postmortem of this mass movement. It also put the 18 years campaign came to an end.
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