| 摘要: | 客家獅為一涵蓋戲劇、武術、舞蹈與音樂等元素的表演藝術，是台灣地區罕見的舞獅種類，亦是客家人特有的傳統文化之一，卻因為長期不受重視而一度面臨消失的命運，雖然近年來在客家意識高漲下又日益復甦，但因為文獻闕如，人們對於客家獅的了解仍相當有限。 本研究的範圍包括全台灣有客家獅團的縣市，研究方法以田野調查法為主、文獻分析法為輔，研究目的為調查客家獅的源流與分布、探討客家獅的組織與運作、彙整客家獅的表演內容以及分析客家獅的意涵，希望全面性的建構出客家獅的整體面貌，再探討客家獅的現況、危機及未來可能的發展。 客家獅約於清道光年間隨著廣東省嘉應州、惠州和潮州等地的客家人渡海來台，日治時期受到壓抑而停滯，光復之後復甦，五Ｏ年代因為經濟起飛、年輕人進入工廠而中斷，近年則因為客家意識的興起，客家文化活動的增多而再度興起。 台灣目前現存的客家獅團有42團，其中大都是附屬於學校的社團和社區發展協會中，主要分布於新竹縣、苗栗縣、雲林縣、嘉義縣、屏東縣等客家地區。客家獅完整的表演稱為「全棚獅」，包括獅套和武術，獅套的角色有靈獅、大面、小面，內容為靈獅和大、小面三者間的互動。草蓆的使用迥異於其他舞獅，為客家獅的最大特色。客家獅和武術的關係密切，是因為生活環境與歷史背景所造成。 客家獅早期的表演時間多為春節期間或廟會慶典，現在則多以開張、動土以及客家文化活動中，主要取其祥瑞驅邪之意。客家獅傳台之後受到社會變遷以及外在環境和人文因素的影響，在表演內容及角色結構上各不相同，有的融入醒獅或台灣獅的元素，有的則自行創新。客家獅表演中的音樂以打擊樂器為主，包括鼓、鑼、鈸，藉震撼的聲響帶出表演時的氣勢。 客家獅團目前面臨成員年齡偏高、學校推動困難等危機，建議從研究、保存、推廣、傳承四方面著手。 Hakka Lion is the art of performance implicating drama, martial art, dance, and music. Hakka Lion is a rare type of lion dance in Taiwan, which is also one of the characteristics of Hakka traditional culture. However, it has once in the face of disappearance because of the depreciation of Hakka Lion for a long time. Though it has gradually resuscitated under the rise of Hakka consciousness for the past few years, the understanding of Hakka Lion is still quite limited due to the lack of literature. The scope of this research includes all the Hakka Lion counties and cities in Taiwan, fieldwork will be used as major research method, and literature analysis as secondary. The research aims to investigate the origin and development and distribution of Hakka Lion, to discuss the organization and operation, to collect the performance contents and to analyze the meaning of Hakka Lion. Hope to construct the entire lineaments of Hakka Lion completely, to inquire the status quo, crisis, and future development of Hakka Lion. Hakka Lion spread to Taiwan through the coming of Hakka from Guangdong Province Chiaying Zhou(廣東省嘉應州), Hui Zhou(惠州), Chao Zhou(潮州), etc. in Qing Dynasty Daoguang years(清道光), it was constrained and stagnated in the Japanese occupation era, and was revived after Taiwan Restoration. Hakka Lion was come to a halt owing to the economic boom in the 50’s, the young people stepped into the factories. Recently, Hakka Lion has revived once again due to the rise of Hakka consciousness and the increasing of Hakka cultural activities. Taiwan has 42 Hakka Lion Groups now, most of them are affiliated to school clubs and community development associations, they distribute over Hakka areas, such as Hsinchu County, Miaoli County, Yunlin County, Chiayi County, Pingtung County, etc., the whole performance of Hakka Lion is called “ Quan Peng Lion”(全棚獅), including Shi Tao(獅套) and martial art, the characters of Shi Tao are spiritual lion(靈獅), Da Mian(大面), Xiao Mian(小面), the content of performance is the interaction among them. The use of straw mat is different from other lion dance, which is the greatest feature of Hakka Lion. The environment and history background form the close relation between Hakka Lion and martial art. The early periods of Hakka Lion performance were mostly on lunar New Year’s Days and temple fair festivities, and it is recently performed on business opening, break ground, and Hakka cultural activities, for the idea of auspicious sign and evil dispersion. Hakka Lion in Taiwan has influenced by social change, environment and humanism quality, the contents of performance, characters and structure are quite different, some mix with elements of wake lion and Taiwan lion, others innovate by themselves. The music of Hakka Lion performance mainly play with percussion instruments ,including drums, gongs, and cymbals to bring the tremendous momentum of performance through the stirring vibration. Hakka Lion Groups have faced crises, such as aged members, difficulty on school impulsion, and suggest beginning with research, preservation, popularization, and inheritance |
