| 摘要: | 本論文以泰國曼谷的豐順客家話為研究對象，探討從大陸原鄉豐順縣移民到泰國曼谷後，與原鄉時空不同的背景下，在語音與詞彙上的差異表現。泰國曼谷除了豐順客家話之外，主要還有梅縣客家話、興寧客家話、大埔客家話…等，這些客家話在彼此接觸下相互影響外，還有大多數華人會使用的潮州話，所有的移民無論母語為何，他們的共同語言是官方語泰語，而這些多方語言接觸頻繁後，也產生了不同的變化。
本論文共分為六章，第一章為緒論，主要說明研究的動機和目的、研究方法與步驟、相關文獻及調查方言點地理位置概況。第二章為語音系統說明，依調查的語料整理出曼谷的豐順客家話其聲母、韻母、聲調的語音系統。第三章將曼谷的豐順客家話依十六攝韻母及平上去入四聲調現今的語音變化與中古音作比較，來探討曼谷的豐順客家話語音得的演變及發展。第四章歸納出曼谷的豐順客家話的語音特點及在地的語音變化。第五章探討曼谷的豐順客家話和曼谷梅縣客家話、大陸揭西河婆客家話、五華水寨客家話及廣東饒洋客家話詞彙的比較，採地理背景相近的地區做比較，來探討特殊的詞彙。第六章結論，說明此次研究的結果及不足之處。
曼谷豐順客家話語音的特點有：(一)聲母部分：日、影、喻母的-聲母，曉匣母的多種讀法，例如曉母除了一般讀f-、h-外，還有讀v-和k-，而且讀k-的轄字比起其它各地客家話多。(二)韻母部分：一、二等「o：a」元音對應、見組字的保守化現象例如山合一讀-uon及宕合一讀-uo、三等的知、章組細音的丟失、山攝二等見曉組細音增生的現象。(三)聲調部分：濁上讀陰平、次濁平聲讀陰平及入聲字清聲母讀陽調、濁聲母讀陰調的例外現象。詞彙部分，以地理背景相近的地區做比較，觀察出部分詞彙有較特殊的用法，例如：賽跑為「鬥飆」，稱動物發情為「走哥」，稱胡亂說話為「四散講」，稱買賣東西偷斤減兩的稱為「ap5秤頭」，和潮州話有關聯性例如：舅媽稱為「阿妗」，吃的齊子粄稱為「ka11 lo11 tsi55」。最後為結論，就本論文研究結果，歸納出語音及詞彙因曼谷內部有多元的語言背景，語言互相接觸影響後，語音變化不大，仍有保留許多存古的原貌。詞彙的部分，曼谷豐順客家話在強勢方言潮州話的通行下，已有部分的詞彙漸漸的向潮州話靠攏，例如：「祖母」「嬸嬸」「女婿」等人稱詞。然而，仍然有一部分的詞彙，在語言交會的複雜環境中，仍舊保留著，不受潮州話影響。
;The research focuses on the Fengshun dialect in Bangkok, Thailand, investigating the phonetic and vocabulary difference performed by the emigrants of Fengshun County, Mainland China, who came to Bangkok and encountered the different spatial and temporal background from their motherland. Except Fengshun dialect, there are many Hakka dialects existing in Bangkok such as the Meixian dialect, Xingning dialect, Dapu dialect and others. These Hakka dialects have contacted with each other and mutually influenced while the Chaozhou dialect has also been widely used among most of Chinese people. No matter what kind of mother tongue these emigrants have, they share the same official language, the Thai language. Meanwhile, the frequent contact between different phonetics also results in various changes of these dialects.
The research is divided into six chapters. Chapter one is an introduction, illuminating the motivation and goal of the research, methodological approaches, references and geographical overview of the locations where the dialects are investigated. Chapter two gives explanation of the phonetic system and, based on the studied language materials, analyzes the consonants, vowels and tones of the Fengshun dialect in Bangkok to organize the dialect’s phonetic system. Chapter three explores the evolution and development of the Fengshun dialect in Bangkok by comparing the phonetic variations of today’s Fengshun dialect with the phonetics of the medieval Fengshun dialect according to the 16 vowels and four tones—level, rising, departing and entering. Chapter four deduces the phonetic characteristics of Bangkok’s Fengshun dialect and the local phonetic variation. Chapter five compares the vocabularies of the Fengshun dialect in Bangkok, Meixian dialect in Bangkok, Hepo dialect in China’s Jiexi County, Shuizhai dialect in Wuhua County and Raoyang dialect in Fujian, as a way of exploring the special vocabularies in the areas that have similar geographical backgrounds. Chapter six as a conclusion presents the results and deficiencies of the research.
The Fengshun dialect in Bangkok carries the following phonetic characteristics: (1) in terms of consonant: different pronunciations for the consonants of “ri,” “ying” and [j]-initial as well as “xiao” and “xia” initials. (2) In terms of vowel: correspondence of the first- and second-class vowels “o: a”; conservatization of “jian” compositions; existence of the fricatives in the third-class “zhi” and “zhang” compositions; proliferation of the fricatives in the second-class “jian” and “xiao” compositions of “xian” and “shan” vowels. (3) In terms of tone: exceptions such as that the voiced rising is pronounced as the dark level, that the sonorant level is pronounced as the dark level and that the entering with the voiceless consonant is pronounced in lower tone while the voiced consonant is pronounced in higher tone.
In terms of vocabulary, by comparing with the areas that have the similar geographical backgrounds, the research discovers that parts of vocabularies carry the local characteristics and have some connection with the Chaozhaou dialect. Based on the study results, the research concludes that, in terms of phonetics and vocabulary, the diverse linguistic background within Bangkok makes the dialects experience little phonetic variation and maintain their primitive appearances even after mutually contact and influence. |
