二十世紀上半人類學與考古學在中國的發展，可以說相當大程度在歷史、民族與文化的論述建 構上擴張了「中國」這個概念的内容。雖然二十世紀初期中國重要的考古發現都是由西方人主持的， 但1930年代前後中國學術界積極投入考古，背後原因是日益高漲的國族主義，但這個國族主義同時 幾乎也阻斷了所有西方國家在中國的考古事業。 美國是西方國家中較晚加入中國考古競逐的，但二十世紀初美國對中國的影響快速增加。本計 晝採取狹義的考古學定義，進一步聚焦在與藝術史相關的考古學，選擇1930年代之前美國在中國的 藝術史與考古事業作為研究對象。本計晝設定考察四個組織與其間的關聯：1. 1908年在北京成立的中 國古物保存會，以及與此會有密切聯繫、設在紐約的亞洲文藝會；2. 1913-14年間史密森尼學會贊助 的北京考古學院計晝；3. 1923-27年間由弗瑞爾藝廊與波士頓美術館聯合、以及1929-34年間由弗瑞爾 獨資贊助的中國考古隊；4. 1923-25年間兩次佛格藝術博物館與賓州博物館支持的中國西北考古探險 隊，以及哈佛燕京學社的成立。 這些藝術史與考古組織不乏立意良善者，但實際上並未在中國現代考古學發展中留下顯著的影 響。本計晝的目的即在於探討二十世紀初中國國内與國際情勢下，導致這些藝術史與考古事業未能成 功的原因，以及其在中美學術關係上可能的影響。 ;This project aims to investigate American archaeological and art historical enterprises in China between 1900 and 1930s. In the first half of the twentieth century, it is generally acknowledged that anthropology and archaeology remodeled significantly the notion of “China” in terms of discourse on nation, history, and culture. Although in the first decades of the century, all important archaeological works in China were done mostly by Westerners, fueled by an ever more powerful nationalism in the 1930s, Chinese took enthusiastically the step. The same nationalism also impeded all Western archaeological and art historical enterprises in China. Among Western nations, the United States was a latecomer in the competition of collecting of Chinese art objects, yet this belatedness contrasts with the preponderant influence of the U.S. on China in many other domains. This project focuses on art history related archaeology. Four sets of American archaeological organizations before the 1930s were selected as object of research: 1. China Monuments Society in Beijing and Asiatic Institute in New York in the 1910s; 2. Project of establishing an American School of Archaeology in Peking in 1913-1914; 3. Joint expedition by the Freer Gallery of Art and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, from 1923 to 1927, and FGA sponsored expedition conducted from 1929 to 1934; 4. Fogg Museum expeditions in China, 1923-25, and the Harvard-Yenching Institute. Many of the above mentioned organizations were not totally without good intention and good will toward China. However, they left few imprints in the development of Chinese national archaeology. This project will study these American archaeological and art historical enterprises, either as continuation of an ideal or as failures under specific situations.
