「測驗強化學習效果」指的是記憶提取對於增進後續學習成效的效果。此效果雖然在教育與訓練上有很好的應用性，其運作的機制仍然不清楚。本計劃將採用行為、事件相關腦電位以及經顱電刺激實驗探討測試強化學習效果的認知與神經機制。具體而言，此計畫將檢視兩個假設：(1)測驗中所涉及的記憶提取增強了對於學習材料的組織，從而增進後續學習的成效；(1)在測驗之後所進行的後續學習的效果提升牽涉到了由左後側頂葉所支持的記憶提取歷程。本計劃共提出了八個預計進行的實驗。實驗I、II、V、VI為行為實驗，將操弄待記憶材料的性質和學習作業的類型，以檢查重複測試是否增強了材料的組織處理，從而加強了後續學習。 實驗III、IV為事件相關腦電位實驗，將例用情節記憶記憶形成及提取認知電生理指標來探討重複測試後所進行後續學習階段的認知運作的性質。實驗VII、VIII為非侵入性腦刺激實驗，將利用經顱電刺激檢視左後側頂葉以及左背側前額葉的神經活動與測驗強化後續學習效果間的因果關係。本計畫的研究結果將促進我們對測試如何調節學習和記憶的理解，這將為教育環境中測驗的設計和實施有所助益。 ;The benefit from attempting to retrieve studied items on the subsequent encoding of these item is known as the test-potentiated learning effect. Although this effect is applicable in educational settings, its mechanism is far from clear. This project will employ behavioral, ERP, and tDCS experiments to identify the cognitive/neural mechanisms underlying the test-potentiated learning effect. Specifically, two hypotheses will be examined: 1. The retrieval practice involved in repeated testing enhances the organization of the study materials which in turn improve the subsequent learning; 2. The retrieval processes subserved by the left posterior parietal cortex are recruited in the subsequent restudy phase after the repeated testing. Eight experiments are proposed in this project. The behavioral experiments (I, II, V, and VI) will manipulate the natures of the to-be-remembered materials and the type of encoding tasks to examine whether repeated testing enhances the organizational processing of the materials, which in turn potentiated subsequent learning. The ERP experiments (III and IV) will use the ERP correlates of successful episodic retrieval and inter-item relational processing to examine the natures of the encoding processes engaged in the restudy phase after repeated testing. The non-invasive brain stimulation experiments (VII and VIII) will examine the causal relationship between the neuronal activities of LPPC/DLPFC and the test-potentiated learning effect with (tDCS). The findings of this project will advance our understanding of how tests modulate learning and memory, which will serve the basis for the design and administrations of tests in education settings.
