| 摘要: | 十九世紀末美國面對資本家的獨佔壟斷、政黨派閥的貪腐控制、人民的自私自利與社會階級的嚴重對立，從消極自由、保護式民主及有限政府，邁向積極自由、發展式民主及大政府的階段，美國新自由主義者省思適切與正義的政治、經濟與社會發展條件，探討自由權的意義與群我關係、國家權力與角色的強化、政治與行政改革、民主生活與公民教育等主題，民主生活與公民教育的代表人物便杜威。杜威早期從事唯心論等研究，之後轉向教育學研究，並且建構新的美國民主價值，指出民主與公民教育的關係。杜威對於美國自由主義與民主思想的貢獻，並不僅止於民主與教育的關係，還包括國內外的影響，對內則是以知識分子的高度，對美國工業民主、經濟大蕭條與政黨政治發展提出建言。對外方面，杜威以自由與民主思想對國際社會秩序發展提出看法，1920年代遊歷中國並提出民主發展建言，影響當時的中國政治與社會，二戰及冷戰時期，杜威對蘇聯共產主義及納粹極權主義進行批判，宣揚及捍衛民主的價值，充分展現對於民主的堅持信念。本計畫希望藉由闡述杜威的自由與民主理念，探討對美國國內及國際層次的影響，體現杜威的新自由主義及發展式民主之洞見與貢獻。 ;At the end of the nineteenth century, the United States faced problems such as capitalist monopolies, parties controlled by factions and plagued by corruption, the selfishness of ordinary people, and serious conflict between social classes. The American new liberals reflected on appropriate and just conditions for political, economic, and social development from the stage of negative liberty, protective democracy, and limited government to the stage of positive liberty, developmental democracy, and big government, discussing the meaning of liberty and human relations. Their approach included strengthening the power and role of the state, political and administrative reforms, and democracy and civic education. John Dewey was an important proponent of democracy and civic education. In his early years, Dewey researched idealism, before turning to pedagogy, constructing new American democratic values that pointed to the relationship between democracy and civic education. Dewey's contribution to American liberalism and democratic thought did not stop at the relationship between democracy and education; it also incorporated domestic and international influences. Domestically, Dewey made recommendations on American industrial democracy, the Great Depression, and political development of political parties from an intellectual's perspective. Internationally, Dewey expressed his views on the development of an international social order based on freedom and democracy. In 1920, Dewey traveled to China and made suggestions for the country's democratic development, influencing Chinese politics and society at the time. During two World Wars and the Cold War, Dewey criticized both Soviet communism and Nazi totalitarianism, while preaching and defending democratic values, demonstrating his commitment to democracy. This project will expound on Dewey's ideas of freedom and democracy, explore their impact both domestically in the United States and internationally, and reflect on the insights and contributions of Dewey's new liberalism and developmental democracy. |
