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| 題名: | 清初三帝賞賜文化之研究;A study on the Early Qiang Dynasty Reward Culture during the Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong Reigns |
| 作者: | 許金水;Shui, Hsu Chin |
| 貢獻者: | 歷史研究所在職專班 |
| 關鍵詞: | 皇帝賞賜;清初康雍乾三帝;賞賜制度;遺念;賜死;Emperor’s reward;theEmperor Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong in the Early Qiang Dynasty;Reward System;Bestowal of the late emperor’s possessions;Forced suicide by emperor’s orde |
| 日期: | 2021-01-20 |
| 上傳時間: | 2021-03-18 17:41:53 (UTC+8) |
| 出版者: | 國立中央大學 |
| 摘要: | 賞賜制度由來已久，至清代更形多元而繁復。從清代官方的典籍、志乘、文書、私人文稿、筆記、年譜及小說，都頻頻出現大量的賞賜資料，足以證明它受到當時人們的重視，但因為資料的龐雜，難以系統的整合論述，故至今學界甚少觸及研究。目前發表的有關清代賞賜文章，大多以單一物象為課題，且數量不多，缺乏多面向且整體的研究。如果賞賜文化在清代歷史佔有重要的一角，而我們並未多方面探究，似乎是清代歷史學門的一項缺陷。
本文以清代康、雍、乾皇帝為背景，對清初三位皇帝賞賜作多樣貌且細緻的闡述，以多視角來審視清初的賞賜制度，並利用歷史學、檔案等史料相結合，列舉事例加以說明，配合歸納、統計等數據進行分析，探究清初賞賜文化。又針對三位皇帝的個性與行事風格 ，解讀其各自的喜好，在賞賜中所展現的特色賞賜。三位皇帝的賞賜對象極其廣泛，涉及各個階層，其中有依照典章賞賜的照例賞賜，又有非典籍所記載，但長久週期性賞賜而成慣例的例賞，及常規以外皇帝依其意願隨意或即興的特賜，特賜具有獨一性、特殊性與稀有性。皇帝的賞賜是否即是對臣下進行籠絡或有目的的刻板印象，或者皇帝的賞賜中富含關懷臣下的慈愛面。而臣下的謝恩、顯揚或許能說明對君主的回應。君臣本是一家，君臣本是一體的關係，從制度、政治、經濟、文化等各層面去進行探索，更清楚窺見其在賞賜運作中的重要意涵。
依照賞賜物象類型、性質不同，可分為名譽賞賜、物質賞賜、文化賞賜及另類賞賜。從型態、特性區分，名譽賞賜又有名器與器物之別，物質賞賜則有物用與食品之分。賞賜對象上至后妃、宗室下至平民、僧人，擴及藩邦外國。照例賞賜涵蓋清代各種官方筵宴及季節例賞。皇帝個人風格則提舉康熙朝以鹿品、雍正朝以哈密瓜、乾隆朝以賜詩為例，分?說明此為三位皇帝的賞賜特色。在特賜中論述極為特殊且稀有的紅梗米等。而君臣互動關係則以問候、醫療、以廣皇仁、遺念等等加以描述。
;A study on the Early Qiang Dynasty Reward Culture during the Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong Reigns
Abstract
Reward System has existed for a long time and it has been even more diversified and complicated in Qing Dynasty. Amounts of sources about reward system appear frequently, from the official codes, district annals, documents, personal manuscripts, notes, chronicles to novels, prove how rewards system was valued greatly at that time. Owing to the complication of the data, it’s difficult to be systematically expounded. Therefore, the research on it is rarely found and accounted. So far the research regarding rewards system in Qing Dynasty mostly focuses on single object and lacks multi-faced and integrated sources. Hence, there are not many studies. If reward system has an important role in Qing Dynasty, short of the research of this area will be a drawback in historiography of Qing Dynasty.
This article is written to make a various and meticulous elaboration on reward system based on the background of the early three emperors of Qing Dynasty emperors- Kangxi Emperor, Yongzheng Emperor, Qinglong Emperor. Combining with the historiography and archives, meanwhile in concert with induction and statistics, an analysis and review on the Reward System of early Qing Dynasty is narrated. With respect to different personalities and styles of the three emperors, interpretation is made to explain each of their preferences which show the features in different reward system of the three emperors. The three emperors bestowed reward to people covering a large area and involving various social ranks. Ritual reward is bestowed according to decrees and regulations. Regular reward, which is perhaps not documented, is bestowed periodically for long. Exception reward is bestowed according to emperor’s will or instant intent. Exception reward is unique, exclusive, and rare. Stereotype an emperor’s reward as only a favor to the subordinates or a purposeful attempt to win them over is not necessarily right. Emperor’s reward, not always with political significance, may indicate emperor’s thoughtful kindness and great care. Gratitude and eulogy from the subordinates can be seemed as positive response. The emperor and the subordinates are one unit, one family. The significance of reward system would be clearer if it is deeply explored from different aspects of system, politics, economics and culture.
According to the different types and properties, The reward items can be classified into reputation reward, substance reward, culture reward, and alternative reward. Distinguished from different types and characteristics, Reputation reward includes fame and official titles. Substantial reward includes objects and food. Rewards can be bestowed from the imperial aristocrats to the civilians, clergymen, and people of foreign far-off lands. Ritual reward includes various official feasts and seasonal official reward. The three emperors differ in personal styles. Kangxi emperor’s preference on venison, Yongzheng Emperor’s preference on melon, Qinglong Emperor’s preference on poems granting to subordinates are examples given respectively to explain the characteristics of the three emperors. Exception reward is especially expounded and red terrier rice is featured. The relationship between the monarch and his subjects will be described from different aspects such as greetings, medical cares, advocacy of emperors’ kindness and objects bestowed by the late emperors.
Key Words: Emperor’s reward, theEmperor Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong in the Early Qiang Dynasty, Reward System , Bestowal of the late emperor’s possessions, Forced suicide by emperor’s order |
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