| 摘要: | 《客英》、《客法》詞典及《客家社會生活對話》的研究
摘要
二十世紀初葉刊行的《客英大辭典》、《客法大辭典》及《客家社會生活
對話》，是了解客家民系及客家語言的重要資料。《客英》有兩個版本，馬愛
華（D.Maciver）牧師在中國作者彭景高（Phang Kin-kau）先生的協助下完成了
1905年版；瑪堅綉（M.C.Mackenzie）牧師則在中國作者黃兆衡（Vong Chheu-
fen）的協助下完成了1926年版。《客法》是由法國傳教士雷卻利（CH.Rey）
在1926年出版。《對話》同樣出自於雷卻利（CH.Rey）之手筆，在1937年出
版。《客英》以語音為特點，《客法》著重在語法，而語言實錄的《對話》提供了語言使用的語境，應證了語詞在語句中使用的意義。語料的收集從汕頭五經富出發，擴及嘉應州、惠州、潮州所謂的嶺外三州，更擴及客家大本營的閩粵贛地區。從「四海話」及「小切韻」的評論裡，可以想見其在客家語言研究的關鍵地位。語音上與當代客語差別不大，唯獨唇齒舌根音與兩套齒頭音的分合演化頗值得玩味。少數的中原漢人、高度的中原文化、及多數的南方族裔尤其是畲族，形成所謂的客家民系，因此在《客英》、《客法》、《對話》的詞彙表現上，高度的中原文化帶來的古漢語詞，民族底層為基礎而形成的南方族裔底層詞，及與畲族成為姐妹方言的關係，而保有的客語固有詞，共同形成客語詞彙的特徵。相對穩固而模糊的語法，只能說明：距離當代分工明確的語法表現，《客英》等書的語法表現，尚在發展的過程中。
關鍵詞：《客英》、《客法》、《對話》、古漢語詞、底層詞。
;Research on "Hakka", "Hakka" Dictionary and "Hakka Social Life Dialogue"
Summary
The " A Chinese-English Dictionary Hakka-Dialect ", " Dictionnaice Chinois-Francais Dialect Hac-Ka " and " conversations chinoises prises sur le vif avec notes grammaticales langage hac-ka " published in the early 20th century are important materials for understanding Hakka people and Hakka language. There are two versions of "A Chinese-English Dictionary Hakka-Dialect", Pastor D. Maciver completed the 1905 edition with the assistance of Chinese author Mr. Phang Kin-kau; Pastor MC Mackenzie completed the 1905 edition with the assistance of Chinese author Vong Chheu-fen 1926 edition. "Dictionnaice Chinois-Francais Dialect Hac-Ka" was written by French missionary CH. Rey and published in 1926. "conversations chinoises prises sur le vif avec notes grammaticales langage hac-ka" was also written by CH. Rey and published in 1937. "A Chinese-English Dictionary Hakka-Dialect" is characterized by phonetics, "Dictionnaice Chinois-Francais Dialect Hac-Ka" focuses on grammar, and "conversations chinoises prises sur le vif avec notes grammaticales langage hac-ka", which is a record of language, provides the context of language use and verifies the meaning of words used in sentences. The collection of corpus started from Wujingfu in Shantou, and extended to the so-called three prefectures outside the Lingzhou, Jiaying, Huizhou, and Chaozhou, and also extended to the Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi regions where the Hakka was based. From the comments on "Sihai Dialect" and "Xiaoqie Yun", we can imagine its key position in the study of Hakka language. The phonetics are not much different from the contemporary Hakka language, except for the evolution of the split and combined of the root sound of the labial, tooth and the tongue and the two sets of tooth head sounds are worth pondering. A minority of Central Plains Han Chinese, a high degree of Central Plains culture, and a majority of southern ethnic groups, especially the She nationality, form the so-called Hakka ethnic group. Therefore, in terms of the vocabulary expression of "A Chinese-English Dictionary Hakka-Dialect", "Dictionnaice Chinois-Francais Dialect Hac-Ka", and "conversations chinoises prises sur le vif avec notes grammaticales langage hac-ka", a high degree of Central Plains The ancient Chinese words brought by the culture, the lower-level words of the southern ethnic group formed on the basis of the ethnic group, and the relationship with the She nationality as a sister dialect, and the reserved Hakka words, together form the characteristics of the Hakka vocabulary. The relatively stable and vague grammar can only show that the grammatical performance of books such as "A Chinese-English Dictionary Hakka-Dialect" is still in the process of development from the grammatical performance of contemporary division of labor.
Key words: "A Chinese-English Dictionary Hakka-Dialect", "Dictionnaice Chinois-Francais Dialect Hac-Ka", "conversations chinoises prises sur le vif avec notes grammaticales langage hac-ka", ancient Chinese words, low-level words. |
