| 摘要: | 漳州客因為地緣關係及語言勢力的差異，在原鄉時便已深受閩南語影響，遷移來臺後，閩南語仍為強勢語言，且漳州客多與漳屬閩南人聚居，形成受閩南語包圍的方言島，受閩南語影響更深、更快速。觀察目前臺灣的詔安客家話，有些詞彙甚至已與學者早先所記錄的說法不同，日常生活的口語當中更多這類的詞彙，可見變化速度之快，因此本文以詔安客家話與閩南語接觸而產生的借詞為探討對象，透過詞彙的觀察與分類，了解詔安客家話的詞彙變化與閩南語接觸的關係，另一方面也紀錄快速變遷的詔安客家話目前的面貌。
本文共分六章。第一章為緒論，說明研究動機、目的、對象、範圍、方法，回顧詔安客的歷史源流，並探討語言接觸、方言間語言接觸的相關文獻；第二章介紹崙背詔安客家話的語音系統，分為聲母、韻母、聲調三個部分；第三章首先說明本文用以分析借詞的分類類型，並分析完全借形類型的四種閩南語借詞型態，包括完全借形與借音、完全借形部分借音、完全借形轉客音及完全借形且義譯；第四章接著分析部分借形類型的三種閩南語借詞型態，包括部分借形又借音、部分借形轉客音及部分借形且義譯；第五章分析僅有借音不借形的閩南語借音詞，包括完全借音不借形、部分借音不借形兩種類型；第六章為結論。
透過分析與歸納，詔安客家話以超出其他腔客家話許多的速度變化著，且詔安客家話之所以產生移借並非出於文化需要，也就是說並非為了彌補自身系統的不足，而是因受閩南語長期且強大的勢力影響而改變語用習慣。許多詞彙同時存在詔安客家話原有的說法，與閩南語借詞兩種說法，亦能佐證這點。而受影響最深的是在動詞與形容詞方面，許多詞彙是完全移借了閩南語的字形、字音。其次是借音詞，雖然詞形未改變，但聲韻調逐漸受到閩南語牽引。最後是移借了詞形，但將之轉為讀詔安客家話本身系統聲韻調的「借形轉客音」類型的借詞，這類型的借詞數量居所有借詞類型之冠，但其移借的動力亦非因為詔安客家話中缺乏相對應的詞彙或詞素，而是因為詔安客家人十分熟稔閩南語，深知如何轉換詔安客家話與閩南語，在閩南語滲透之際，詔安客家人自然而然地將其「對譯」為詔安客家話，以至於產生如此之多的「完全借形轉客音」、「部分借形轉客音」類型的借詞。;Because of the differences in geography and linguistic power, the Hakka people of Zhangzhou had already been deeply influenced by the Minnan language when they were in their native land, and after they moved to Taiwan, Minnan was still the dominant language. Moreover, most of the Hakka people of Zhangzhou lived in clusters with the Minnan people of Zhangzhou, which formed an island of dialects surrounded by the Minnan language, and they were influenced by Minnan language even more profoundly and more rapidly.Observing the current Zhaoan Hakka language in Taiwan, some of the vocabulary is even different from that recorded by scholars earlier, and there are even more such words in the spoken language of daily life, which shows the speed of change. Therefore, this paper focuses on the loanwords that have arisen from the contact between the Zhaoan Hakka language and the Minnan language. Through the observation and categorization of vocabulary, it is possible to understand the relationship between vocabulary changes in the Zhaoan Hakka dialect and the contact with Minnan language, and to document the current appearance of the rapidly changing Zhaoan Hakka language.
This paper is divided into six chapters. The first chapter is an introduction, which explains the motivation, purpose, target, scope and methodology of the study, reviews the historical origins of Zhaoan Hakka, and discusses the literature on language contact and interdialect language contact; Chapter 2 introduces the phonological system of Lunbei Zhaoan Hakka language, which is divided into three parts: consonants, vowels, and tones; Chapter 3 first explains the classification types of loanwords used in this paper, and analyzes four types of Minnan loanwords of the word form fully borrowed type, including word form fully borrowed and borrowed phonetics, word form fully borrowed and partially borrowed phonetics, word form fully borrowed and convert into Hakka phonetics, and word form fully borrowed and translaterated; Chapter 4 then analyzes three types of Minnan loanwords of the word form partially borrowed type, including word form partially borrowed and borrowed phonetics, word form partially borrowed and convert into Hakka phonetics, and word form partially borrowed and translaterated; Chapter 5 analyzes the Minnan loanwords with only borrowed phonetics but no borrowed word forms, including two types: fully borrowed phonetics but no borrowed word forms, and partially borrowed phonetics but no borrowed word forms; and Chapter 6 concludes the study.
Through analysis and generalization, the Zhaoan Hakka language has been changing at a much faster rate than that of other Hakka languages, and the reason for the loan of Zhaoan Hakka language is not out of cultural necessity, i.e., it is not to make up for the deficiencies of its own system, but rather a change in language habits due to the long-term and strong influence of Minnan language. This is supported by the fact that many words exist both in the original Zhaoan Hakka language and in the Minnan loanwords. The most influential words are verbs and adjectives, many of which are completely borrowed from the Minnan language. Secondly, there are loanwords, which have not changed in word form, but phonetics have gradually become more and more influenced by the Minnan language. Finally, there are the “word form borrowed and convert into Hakka phonetics” type of loanwords that borrow the form of the word, but convert it into the systematic phonetics of Zhaoan Hakka language, which is the largest number of loanwords of all types. However, the impetus for the loan was not due to a lack of corresponding vocabulary or lexemes in the Zhaoan Hakka language, but rather to the fact that the Hakka people of Zhaoan were well versed in the Minnan language, and knew how to switch between Zhaoan Hakka language and Minnan language, and when Minnan language penetrated, the Hakka people of Zhaoan naturally “translaterated” it into Zhaoan Hakka language, which resulted in the creation of so many loanwords of the “word form fully borrowed and convert into Hakka phonetics” and “word form partially borrowed and convert into Hakka phonetics” types. |
