| 摘要: | 許多產業會使用特殊功能專用的機械設備，多元化機械製造商其業務範圍跨足多個產業，並依照客戶需求為客戶提供多種專用機械，這是包含在機械產業中的特殊領域，過去幾年受到新冠肺炎疫情、中美貿易爭端導致的去全球化、區域性地緣經濟的發展趨勢影響，造成了包括市場需求、供應鏈改變、消費與工作模式的轉變。
面對後疫新常態下的環境變化，本論文以產業經濟理論之「結構 — 行為 — 績效 (Structure-Conduct-Performance, S-C-P)」分析架構來探討客製化專用機械產業的發展現況與未來趨勢。
本論文的研究結果發現，在基本條件的供給面上，一些進口或非一般常規的特殊原材料會因為訂製或進口問題，使得交期與價格的波動較大，另外製造多元專用設備的技術含量高需要跨領域的專業知識和技能，專業的設計與技術人才養成不易，因此台灣多元專用設備產業界的廠商，普遍存在缺人、嚴重斷層或是缺乏年輕技術者的情況。
另外關於基本條件的需求面。需求彈性與替代性會因為產業的不同而有變化， 在某些科技產業裡無法用人工取代設備的部分，需求彈性小，在勞力密集的傳統產業存在替代性，則可能受價格影響需求彈性較大，另外客戶端產業的未來性也對需求彈性產生直接影響。
在政府政策面，各國政府多有對本國機械產業推出促進產業發展的產業政策，如租稅優惠、補貼、投資獎勵等。此外，本產業在貿易上會面對關稅的課徵，影響最大者應是自2023年開始生效的RCEP，使會員國相互之間可享關稅減讓。會員國之間已對部分機械設備開始調降關稅，我國機械出口主要競爭國家中國、日本、韓國多是經濟體會員國的成員，關稅上的差異將一定程度削弱我國機械出口競爭力。
就市場結構而言，客製化專用機械產品多元化且市場分散， 市場的集中度低，是零散型產業，屬於獨占性競爭市場。但由於市場的多元化與零散性、技術障礙、產品失敗風險高、專業工程人員募集困難等因素，因此對新廠商形成進入障礙，使競爭程度不至於過於激烈。
就廠商訂價的行為而言，最常用的訂價方式是價值型訂價法。廠商為了增加利潤，在訂價的行為上，會參酌客戶對設備需求的急迫性與設備技術含量，並依據產品對於客戶的價值等因素來製訂價格，面對競爭的市場環境，則通常採用上下游整合、提升技術研發、生產具有差異化的產品等策略，增加市場的競爭力。
整體而言，客製化專用機械產業受惠於產業轉型與智慧化的趨勢，持續朝正向成長方向發展，但近年來包括去全球化、俄烏戰爭、紅海危機等許多外在的不確定因素導致的，原物料短缺、價格上漲和交貨時間延誤等，正考驗著廠商的應變能力，面對這些挑戰，廠商需要積極調整策略來因應。
在產業的績效方面，由於廠商的多元化，產品觸及多個產業，使得廠商的經營上比較不受景氣的影響，且隨著新興產業的發展，將為客製化專用機械產業帶來商機，整體而言依案例公司綜合營業利益分析，從事客製化專用機械的設計製造，平均年營業利益約可以達到29% 的水準。;Many industries utilize specialized machinery with specific functions, and diversified machinery manufacturers operate across multiple industries, providing a variety of specialized machines tailored to customer needs. This represents a unique sector within the machinery industry, which in recent years has been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the US-China trade dispute leading to deglobalization, and trends in regional geopolitical economics, causing changes in market demand, supply chain modifications, and shifts in consumption and work patterns.
In response to the post-pandemic new normal and environmental changes, this thesis employs the industrial economics framework of "Structure-Conduct-Performance (S-C-P)" to examine the current state and future trends of the customized specialized machinery industry.
The findings of this thesis indicate that on the supply side, the volatility in delivery times and prices is greater for some imported or unconventional special raw materials due to customization or import issues. Additionally, manufacturing diverse specialized equipment requires high technical expertise and interdisciplinary knowledge, making it challenging to cultivate professional design and technical talent. As a result, firms in Taiwan′s diversified specialized equipment industry commonly face shortages, serious gaps, or a lack of young technicians.
Regarding the demand side, demand elasticity and substitutability vary by industry. In some tech industries where equipment cannot be replaced by labor, demand elasticity is low. In labor-intensive traditional industries where substitutability exists, demand may be more elastic due to price influences. The future prospects of client industries also directly impact demand elasticity.
On the policy front, governments worldwide often implement industrial policies to promote the development of their machinery industries, such as tax incentives, subsidies, and investment rewards. Moreover, the industry faces tariffs in trade, with the largest impact coming from the RCEP, which took effect in 2023, allowing member countries to enjoy tariff concessions. Tariffs on certain machinery have been reduced among member countries, and since China, Japan, and Korea – major competitors in machinery exports – are member economies, tariff disparities are likely to weaken our country′s competitiveness in machinery exports.
In terms of market structure, the customized specialized machinery products are diverse and the market is fragmented, indicating a low concentration and a monopolistic competitive market. However, the market′s diversity and fragmentation, technical barriers, high product failure risk, and the difficulty in recruiting specialized engineers create entry barriers, preventing excessive competition.
Regarding firms′ pricing behavior, value-based pricing is the most common method. To increase profits, firms consider the urgency of customers′ equipment needs, the technical content of the equipment, and the product′s value to the customer when setting prices. In a competitive market environment, strategies such as vertical integration, enhancing R&D, and producing differentiated products are commonly used to increase market competitiveness.
Overall, the customized specialized machinery industry benefits from trends in industrial transformation and intelligentization, continuing to grow positively. However, recent years have seen many external uncertainties, including deglobalization, the Russo-Ukrainian War, and the Red Sea crisis, leading to raw material shortages, price increases, and delivery delays, testing firms′ adaptability. Facing these challenges, firms need to actively adjust their strategies.
In terms of industry performance, the diversification of firms and their products across multiple industries makes them less affected by economic cycles. With the development of emerging industries, new opportunities are presented to the customized specialized machinery industry. On average, companies engaged in the design and manufacture of customized specialized machinery can achieve an annual operating profit margin of approximately 29%. |
