同性婚姻親子關係法制化之研究- 以美國法為借鏡;A Study on the Legalization of Parental Regulations in Same-Sex Marriage: A Comparative Study with the U.S. Law

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Title:	同性婚姻親子關係法制化之研究- 以美國法為借鏡;A Study on the Legalization of Parental Regulations in Same-Sex Marriage: A Comparative Study with the U.S. Law
Authors:	劉姿瑩;Liu, Tzu-Ying
Contributors:	法律與政府研究所
Keywords:	同性婚姻;親子關係;人工生殖;代孕生殖;婚生推定;same-sex marriage;parent-child relationship;assisted reproduction;surrogacy;presumption of parentage by marriage
Date:	2025-01-08
Issue Date:	2025-04-09 16:56:59 (UTC+8)
Publisher:	國立中央大學
Abstract:	自司法院釋字第748號解釋之公布，我國於2019年三讀通過《司法院釋字第 748號解釋施行法》，成為同性婚姻合法化之國家。同性婚姻法制化實施至今已多年，越來越多同志欲組織家庭，當前法律對於同性婚姻下親子關係之建立以收養方式規範，同性配偶所生之子女與無血緣之他方伴侶，採用繼親收養建立親子關係。在2023年5月16日《司法院釋字第748 號解釋施行》第20條修正案通過後，同性配偶得以共同收養及接續收養子女，為同性婚姻者取得重大突破。然而，同性配偶在親子關係建立上仍有討論空間，現行《人工生殖法》適用對象為不孕異性配偶，同性婚姻者無法使用人工生殖技術孕育子女，亦無法如異性配偶般，以婚生推定方式建立親子關係或依據人工生殖法第23條至第25條之規定，以同意權之行使擬制雙親與人工生殖子女之婚生子女關係，保障同性配偶與子女之權利。此外，我國目前亦仍未開放代理孕母，隨著醫療科技進步及社會大幅變遷，是否對同性婚姻者尚有保障不足之處，值得討論。本文將借鏡美國同性關係下建立親子關係之規範，因美國各州有不同見解，本文將以案例探討，特別以Obergefell v. Hodges 法案通過前後之案例為專節討論，探討美國如何認定同性父母與人工生殖子女之親子關係，而評析我國是否應重新檢討我國父母子女關係之制度設計，以保障同性家庭的權利。;Since the Judicial Yuan announced the Interpretation No. 748, Taiwan has become the first country in Asia to legalize same-sex marriage with the passage of the Act for Implementation of J. Y. Interpretation No. 748 in 2019. Since then, more and more LGBTQ individuals seek to form families. Under current law, the establishment of parent-child relationships in same-sex marriages is regulated through adoption. The children born to one partner are legally related to the other non-biological partner through stepparent adoption. On May 16, 2023, the Legislative Yuan passed an amendment to Article 20 of the Act for Implementation of J. Y. Interpretation No. 748, granting same-sex couples the right to jointly adopt and to engage in successive adoption, marking a significant breakthrough for same-sex marriage. However, same-sex couples still have areas for discussion on establishing parent-child relationships. The current Assisted Reproduction Act applies only to infertile heterosexual couples, barring same-sex couples from using assisted reproductive technologies to have children. Unlike heterosexual couples, same-sex couples cannot establish parent-child relationships through the presumption of parentage by marriage, nor can they invoke Articles 23 to 25 of the Assisted Reproduction Act to legally recognize both partners as parents with parental rights over children born through assissted reproduction. This gap leaves same-sex couples and their children without the same legal protections. Furthermore, Taiwan has not yet legalized surrogacy. With the advances in medical technology and rapid social changes, it is worth examining whether current protections for same-sex families remain insufficient. This paper will explore how the United States regulates parent-child relationships in same-sex families. Because of varied interpretations across the states, case studies will be used, with a particular focus on cases before and after the landmark Obergefell v. Hodges ruling. In this way, the author seeks to analyze how the U.S. recognizes parent-child relationships between same-sex parents and children born through assisted reproduction. This comparison will serve as a basis for evaluating whether Taiwan should reconsider its parent-child relationship framework to better safeguard the rights of same-sex families.
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