朱子早年思想與其心論的發展;Zhu Xi’s Early Thought and the Development of His Theory of Heat-mind

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Title:	朱子早年思想與其心論的發展;Zhu Xi’s Early Thought and the Development of His Theory of Heat-mind
Authors:	張力云;Yun, Chang Li
Contributors:	中國文學系
Keywords:	朱熹;李侗;早年思想;延平答問;心性;Zhu Xi;Li Tong;Early Thought;Letters on Studies with Yan Ping;Heart-mind (xin) and Nature(xing)
Date:	2025-08-26
Issue Date:	2025-10-17 11:10:17 (UTC+8)
Publisher:	國立中央大學
Abstract:	朱熹是南宋時期的大儒，也是宋明理學的核心人物。他的重要主張如「心理為二」、「心性情三分」等，均為人所熟知，其思想義理到現代都頗具影響力。歷來研究朱子思想的成果頗豐，但在闡釋時，卻各自發展出許多不同的觀點，而未能有定論。之所以眾說紛紜，筆者認為從哲學義理方面難以得到解決，但倘若能從闡明朱子思想發展的歷程這一角度重新考量，卻可以對掌握朱子的思想有一推進。由此之故，本文從學界少有強調的，朱子與張南軒論學之前的「早年思想」作為開始，這一早年思想橫跨朱子習於李侗（延平）前後，包含了「出入佛老」、「從學於延平」與「師事延平」這三個時期。在此時期的文獻中，《延平答問》至關重要，可作為探究朱子此時期對於儒家經典有關看法的重要依據。根據本文的研究，主要得出了兩方面的研究成果：（一）朱子主動師事的老師李侗，對朱子早期思想的發展影響深遠，包括思想型態的整體建構、涵養工夫的實踐入路等各方面，可說是對朱子思想的形成有很關鍵且重要的意義。（二）朱子在師事李侗後，便初步確立了論「心」的規模，他經由延平的提點，認為心是氣，並肯定心對於理有「本知」、「本具」之意。本文通過深入《延平答問》的意涵，除了證實朱子之所以能夠判儒佛之別，主要是靠著與延平長期論學，逐步確立自己的看法，即肯定儒家切於人生、重視倫常道德，以反求諸己為要旨的教義與內容；更能透過兩人的論學範圍之廣博與討論議題的深入，看出他們對於儒學的經典以及後人的詮釋都很留意，並且都認為在詮釋經典上，勢必要有正確且縝密的了解，才能夠真正地在「體」、「用」兩方面都通達於儒家之道，進而踐德成聖。 ;Zhu Xi was a great Confucian in the Southern Song Dynasty. His significant contributions, including the concepts of “heart-mind (xin) and moral principle (li) as distinct entities” and “the tripartite division of heart-mind, nature (xing), and feeling (qing)”, are widely recognized. The impact of his philosophical thought and moral reasoning (yili) persisted throughout the Song Dynasty and continues to be influential today. The research on Zhu Xi’s philosophy has produced productive yet varied results, making it challenging for scholars to reach a consensus. It is difficult to resolve the controversial issue from the philosophical perspective. However, if we can reconsider it from the angle of clarifying the development of Zhu Xi′s thought, it will be a step forward in understanding Zhu Xi’s thought. Therefore, this dissertation begins with the “early thought” of Zhu Xi before his discussion with Zhang Nanxuan, which is rarely emphasized in the academic community. The phase of “early thought” encompassed Zhu Xi’s study with Li Tong (Yanping) and is generally considered to include three stages: engaging with and moving away from Buddhism and Daoism, drawing knowledge from Li Tong, and pursuing direct study under Li Tong. Among the documents from this period, Yanping’s Answers to Questions (Yanping dawen) is significant and can be used as a key source for examining Zhu Xi′s perspectives on Confucian classics during this time. This dissertation has two main research results: (1) Li Tong played a significant role in shaping Zhu Xi’s early intellectual development, including the establishment of his foundational thought pattern and his promotion of the practice approach of self-cultivation. His contributions were instrumental in the formation of Zhu Xi’s philosophical framework. (2) Following his studies with Li Tong, Zhu Xi formulated the foundational framework of his theory regarding the “heart-mind.” He understood, based on Li Tong’s guidance, that the heart-mind is Qi and affirmed its possession and awareness of inward moral principles (xin benju li, xin benzi li). A close analysis of the significance of Yanping’s Answers to Questions demonstrates that Zhu Xi’s capacity to differentiate Confucianism from Buddhism was significantly shaped by his sustained scholarly dialogues with Li Tong. These interactions enabled Zhu Xi to progressively formulate his own perspective—one that underscores Confucianism’s relevance to daily life, its prioritization of normal human relations, and its focus on self-reflection. Moreover, the extensive scope and depth of their discussions reveal a profound engagement with both the Confucian classics and their subsequent interpretations. Both scholars maintained that an accurate and in-depth understanding of the classics is essential for fully grasping the Confucian Dao in terms of both substance (ti) and function (yong), thereby facilitating the practice of morality and the pursuit of sagehood.
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