| 摘要: | 顆粒阻尼器為一種被動消能元件，於外力作用下透過結構驅動腔體內多顆粒材料產生碰撞與摩擦行為，進而消散結構之振動能量。相較於傳統阻尼器而言，其具備構造簡單、適用頻帶寬、能多方向減振且維護需求低等優勢。為深入探討其減震效能，本研究於構架上配置顆粒阻尼器，進行振動台實驗，系統性分析顆粒質量比、填充率、粒徑、腔體型式、緩衝材料與震波倍率等設計參數，並施加單向與雙向地震作用力來探討結構減震反應之變化。
試驗結果顯示，顆粒阻尼器能有效降低結構位移與加速度反應，且其減震效能明顯受設計參數影響。於最佳參數組合(九宮格腔體配置)下，其平均減震率可達36.4%，驗證顆粒與腔壁間碰撞為主要消能機制，顯示該顆粒阻尼器具備優良的減震能力。
此外本研究提出一套簡化數值模型，利用基於等效節點割線特性之隱式動力分析程序(Implicit Dynamic Analysis Procedure based on Equivalent Nodal Secant Properties, IDAP-ENSP)進行數值分析，採用赫茲阻尼非線性接觸模型模擬顆粒與腔體間之碰撞行為，並忽略切向力與顆粒間摩擦等次要交互作用。由於多顆粒於九宮格腔體中呈現群聚碰撞現象，整體運動型態趨近於單顆粒行為，且非線性行為明顯減弱，故將多顆粒簡化為單顆粒進行模擬。模擬結果於單向震波下與實驗結果趨勢一致，進一步驗證顆粒與腔壁的碰撞為本研究所設計之顆粒阻尼器之主要消能行為，並證實簡化模型適用於含顆粒阻尼器構架之地震力分析，並且具有一定可行性。
本研究透過實驗與數值模擬，證實顆粒阻尼器具有優異之減震潛力，且其效能受設計參數與震波特性影響。所建立之簡化模型雖存在一定侷限性，惟在合理假設下，仍可作為顆粒阻尼器初步設計與分析之有效工具。
;Particle dampers are passive energy dissipation devices that mitigate structural vibrations through collisions and friction among multiple particles enclosed within a cavity, activated by structural motion under external excitation. Compared to conventional dampers, particle dampers offer advantages such as simple construction, wide effective frequency range, multi-directional vibration mitigation capability, and low maintenance requirements.
To investigate the damping performance of particle dampers, this study installs them on a structural frame and conducts shake table experiments. A systematic analysis is carried out on key design parameters including mass ratio, filling ratio, particle size, cavity configuration, buffering material, and seismic intensity. Both unidirectional and bidirectional seismic excitations are applied to evaluate variations in structural damping response.
Experimental results show that particle dampers can effectively reduce structural displacement and acceleration responses, and their performance is significantly influenced by design parameters. Under the optimal configuration (a 3×3 grid cavity layout), an average damping reduction of up to 36.4% is achieved, verifying that collisions between particles and cavity walls are the primary energy dissipation mechanism, and confirming the excellent vibration mitigation performance of the proposed particle damper.
In addition, this study proposes a simplified numerical model using an Implicit Dynamic Analysis Procedure based on Equivalent Nodal Secant Properties (IDAP-ENSP) for simulation. A nonlinear Hertzian damping contact model is adopted to simulate collisions between the particles and cavity walls, while tangential forces and inter-particle friction are neglected due to their secondary effects. Since particle clustering and collective collisions are observed in the 3×3 cavity layout, the overall motion approximates single-particle behavior with reduced nonlinearity. Therefore, the multi-particle system is simplified into a single-particle model for simulation. The simulation results under unidirectional seismic loading show good agreement
with experimental trends, further verifying that particle-wall collisions dominate the energy dissipation behavior of the proposed particle damper and confirming the feasibility of the simplified model for seismic analysis of structures equipped with particle dampers.
Through both experimental and numerical analysis, this study confirms the excellent vibration reduction potential of particle dampers, and highlights the influence of design parameters and seismic characteristics on their effectiveness. Although the proposed simplified model has certain limitations, it remains an effective tool for preliminary design and analysis of particle dampers under reasonable assumptions. |
