API宣告碼著作權適格性之探討－ 以Oracle v. Google 案為核心

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題名:	API宣告碼著作權適格性之探討－以Oracle v. Google 案為核心
作者:	陳秀嬋;CHEN, XIU-CHAN
貢獻者:	產業經濟研究所
關鍵詞:	智慧財產權;著作權;API宣告碼;思想與表達合併原則;互操作性;Oracle v. Google 案;intellectual property;copyright;API declarations;merger doctrine of idea and expression;interoperability;Oracle v. Google
日期:	2025-07-26
上傳時間:	2025-10-17 12:15:25 (UTC+8)
出版者:	國立中央大學
摘要:	隨著軟體產業日益倚賴應用程式介面 (API) 以促進跨平台整合與系統相容性，API宣告碼之著作權適格性遂引發廣泛爭議。特別係Oracle v. Google一案，圍繞API宣告碼及其結構是否可受著作權保護所展開之訴訟，更凸顯美國現行著作權法對功能性元素與標準化設計之界線認定仍是未解難題。本文以該案為核心，綜合分析電腦程式著作權制度之發展及API功能定位與開發者技術實務，嘗試釐清API宣告碼應否納入著作權保護體系之問題核心。本文認為，API宣告碼作為技術系統之調用介面，其命名、分類與結構配置多受語言語法、效率需求、硬體相容與市場慣例所拘束，欠缺創作自由空間，難以符合著作權法所要求之「原創性」要件。即使其具原創性，亦應審酌是否屬於美國著作權法第102條(b)項排除著作權保護之態樣，及根據Altai案所提出之AFC測試法，適用思想與表達合併原則及必要場景原則，於過濾分析階段即排除著作權保護，避免將功能性內容誤納為創作性作品。本文採用案例研究與文獻分析法，系統性檢視美國實務對API宣告碼著作權適格性與合理使用抗辯之判準，並援引Altai與Lotus等判例，重建功能性原則於API宣告碼適用之正當性。本文進一步解析Java語言設計背景、Android系統之相容性策略，以及開放原始碼發展對API重新實作需求之制度意涵。綜合而言，API宣告碼不僅為實現互操作性所不可或缺之結構，更承載開發者共享與再利用之技術自由。若將其納入著作權保護，將阻礙產業創新並妨害開源合作之發展。因此，本文主張，應以功能性原則為基礎，結合思想與表達合併原則與必要場景原則，建立一套清晰可操作之API宣告碼著作權評析框架，以供未來司法實務與政策制定之參考，並促進技術生態與法律制度之平衡發展。 ;As the software industry increasingly relies on application programming interface (API) to facilitate cross-platform integration and system interoperability, the copyright eligibility of API declarations has become a subject of widespread legal debate. In particular, the Oracle v. Google case, which centers on whether API structures constitute protectable expressive works, highlights unresolved challenges in distinguishing between functional components and expressive elements under current copyright law. This paper uses the Oracle case as a central example, providing a comprehensive examination of copyright protection for computer programs, the functional role of API, and the practical constraints faced by software developers. This study argues that API declarations, as interfaces designed for system-level module invocation, are shaped predominantly by programming language syntax, efficiency requirements, hardware compatibility, and industry conventions. Because of these constraints, API declarations lack the creative freedom required to meet the originality and expression standards of copyright law. Even though they are expressed in textual form, such declarations should be excluded from protection under Section 102(b) of the U.S. Copyright Act and the merger doctrine. This approach prevents the misclassification of functional components as creative expressions. Using case study and doctrinal analysis, this paper systematically reviews how U.S. courts have assessed the copyright eligibility of API declarations and the applicability of fair use defenses. Precedents such as Whelan, Altai, and Lotus are used to reconstruct the normative justification for excluding functional API components from protection. The paper also analyzes the design context of the Java language, the compatibility strategy of the Android platform, and the institutional significance of open-source development. These factors illustrate why API reuse is necessary in contemporary software ecosystems. In conclusion, API declarations are not only essential for enabling interoperability, but they also support technological freedom and foster shared innovation. Granting copyright protection to these elements would hinder software industry progress and weaken open collaboration. Therefore, this paper proposes a copyright evaluation framework that is based on the functional exclusion principle and is supplemented by the merger doctrine and the scènes à faire doctrine. This framework aims to guide judicial decisions and policy-making toward a fair and balanced approach between technological development and legal protection.
顯示於類別:	[產業經濟研究所] 博碩士論文

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