| 摘要: | 本論文旨在探討不同文化群體在人臉辨識記憶中的認知與社會機制，聚焦於同種族效應（Own-Race Effect, ORE）、情緒表達，以及跨種族接觸等因素。研究基於知覺專精（perceptual expertise）、社會分類（social categorization）與注意力導向編碼（attention-based encoding）等理論，設計兩項實驗。第一項實驗以受試者內設計（within-subject design）探討臉孔種族（亞洲、黑人、白人）、參與者族群（台灣人、居住於台灣的非裔後裔、居住於台灣的白人）及臉部情緒表達（憤怒、恐懼、中性）對記憶表現的交互影響。由於試次數不足及白人受試者人數有限，第二項實驗將情緒表達設計為受試者間變項（between-subject factor），並僅納入台灣人與非裔後裔兩組受試者，排除白人群體，以持續探討相同變項的影響。在編碼階段，受試者觀看嵌入中性背景的人臉，並進行性別判斷任務。隨後進行突襲式辨識記憶測驗，分別就人臉與背景在不同區塊中進行「舊／新」判斷，並以1至5分評估其記憶信心水準。此外，研究亦使用一份全面的跨種族接觸問卷，評估受試者一生中於各種社會情境中與不同族群互動的經驗。研究結果顯示，兩組族群皆展現明顯的同種族記憶優勢，並伴隨不對稱的異族效應。非裔後裔受試者不僅對黑人臉孔記憶較佳，對亞洲人臉亦優於白人臉，顯示其在台灣的社會接觸與曝光經驗可能提高其動機與個體化處理傾向。台灣受試者則在黑人臉孔的記憶表現上優於白人臉孔，儘管其自評與白人互動的頻率較高。此結果可由「顯著性導向編碼」（distinctiveness-based encoding）解釋，即在社會上較少見或知覺上更突出的臉孔在編碼階段更容易吸引注意力。此外，情緒表達並未顯著調節記憶表現，無主效應亦無交互作用，顯示在本研究情境中，種族處理與接觸經驗可能為記憶表現的主導因素。綜合而言，本研究透過整合情緒與社會接觸變項，深化對同種族效應的理解，並強調視覺注意、熟悉度與群際互動等因素如何在多元文化脈絡中影響人臉記憶。研究結果亦對實務應用領域（如目擊者辨識與跨文化溝通）提出潛在啟發。;This thesis investigates the cognitive and social mechanisms underlying face recognition memory across different cultural groups, with a focus on the Own-Race Effect (ORE), emotional expression, and interracial contact. Drawing on theories of perceptual expertise, social categorization, and attention-based encoding, two experiments were conducted. The first one examined how face race (Asian, Black, Caucasian), participant ethnicity (Taiwanese, African Descendants in Taiwan, Caucasians in Taiwan), and emotional expression as a within subject (angry, fearful, neutral) jointly influence memory performance. Due to limited number of trials and not enough number of Caucasian participants, the second experiment explored the same factors but emotion was a between subject factor and studied on Taiwanese and African Descendants excluding Caucasians. In the encoding phase, participants were asked to view faces and make the gender judgment of faces embedded in neutral backgrounds. Later, a surprise recognition memory test followed, where participants made a memory confidence judgment on a scale of 1-5 for both old and new faces and backgrounds in separate blocks. Additionally, a comprehensive interracial contact questionnaire assessed participants’ lifetime exposure to different racial groups across social settings. Results revealed robust own-race recognition advantages in both ethnic groups, accompanied by asymmetric cross-race effects. African Descendant participants displayed significantly enhanced memory not only for Black faces but also for Asian faces compared to Caucasian faces likely reflecting increased motivation and individuation due the exposure and social contact in Taiwan. Taiwanese participants demonstrated significantly better memory for Black faces than Caucasian faces, despite reporting more frequent contact with the latter. This pattern was interpreted through the lens of distinctiveness-based encoding, where socially rare or perceptually salient faces attracted greater attention at encoding. Moreover, emotional expression did not significantly modulate memory recognition performance as there were no main effects or interactions. This finding suggests that race-based processing and contact experience may play a more dominant role in memory outcomes under these conditions. These findings advance current understanding of the ORE by integrating emotional and social exposure variables and underscore the nuanced ways in which visual attention, familiarity, and intergroup dynamics shape memory for faces in multicultural contexts. The study offers new insights into the interplay between cognitive mechanisms and social experience, with implications for applied settings such as eyewitness identification and intercultural communication. |
