| 摘要: | 非道路柴油施工機具廣泛應用於工程、製造及各類企業作業中，惟擎尾氣易排放黑煙與懸浮微粒（Particulate Matter, PM），造成作業人員之曝露的危害。本研究針對公私場所424台非道路柴油施工機具進行不透光率數據分析，並進一步使用直讀式微粒檢測儀(AEROCET 831)監測固定污染源工廠內12台堆高機操作人員實際作業中PM曝露濃度，評估作業模式與職業曝露間之關聯性。研究結果顯示接受不透光率檢測的機具中，機具總數以挖土機佔比最高(40.8%)，且進口國以日本機具最多(69.8%)，而機具數量以出廠年份分析，機齡5年內為佔比最高，其不透光不合格率亦為最低(2.17%)，隨年份上升，機齡20年以上不透光不合格率攀升至60%。堆高機懸浮微粒連續監測結果顯示，以PM2.5為例，靜態模式測得的最高和最低平均曝露濃度分別為KOMATSU367122 （115.85 μg/m3）和KOMATSU368395 （22.35 μg/m3）；移動模式測得的最高和最低平均曝露濃度分別為KOMATSU367122 （220.24 μg/m3）和TOYOTA13634 （33.95 μg/m3）；裝卸模式測得的最高和最低平均曝露濃度分別為KOMATSU341380（154.7 μg/m3）和KOMATSU728729 （22.75 μg/m3）。多數機具在移動與裝卸操作模式所產生之PM曝露濃度明顯高於怠速模式，此外，測試結果顯示不透光率與實測PM曝露濃度間未達顯著相關，綜上所述，作業環境中的堆高機駕駛員確實存在懸浮微粒曝露風險，應要求操作人員配戴適當個人防護裝備，以降低在作業期間吸入過量懸浮微粒的可能性。;Non-road diesel construction equipment is widely used across engineering, manufacturing, and various industrial operations. However, diesel engine exhaust emissions, particularly black smoke and particulate matter (PM), pose significant occupational exposure risks to operators. This study analyzed opacity data from 424 non-road diesel construction machines used in both public and private sectors, and further conducted real-time PM concentration monitoring for 12 forklifts operating in a stationary pollution source factory using a direct-reading aerosol monitor (AEROCET 831). The objective is to evaluate the relationship between operating modes and occupational PM exposure.
Among the inspected equipment, excavators accounted for the highest proportion (40.8 %), with machines imported from Japan comprising the majority (69.8 %). Equipment with an engine age of less than five years exhibited the lowest opacity failure rate (2.17 %), whereas machines older than 20 years had a significantly higher failure rate (60 %), indicating a clear trend of increasing opacity non-compliance with equipment age.
Continuous PM monitoring on forklifts revealed distinct differences in exposure across operating modes. For PM2.5, the highest and lowest average exposure concentrations during idling were observed in KOMATSU367122 (115.85 μg/m³) and KOMATSU368395 (22.35 μg/m³), respectively. During the moving mode, KOMATSU367122 recorded the highest exposure (220.24 μg/m³), while TOYOTA13634 had the lowest (33.95 μg/m³). In the working mode, the highest and lowest concentrations were recorded by KOMATSU341380 (154.7 μg/m³) and KOMATSU728729 (22.75 μg/m³), respectively. Overall, PM exposure levels in the moving and working modes were significantly higher than those during idling modes.
No statistically significant correlation was found between measured opacity and PM exposure levels, suggesting that opacity alone is insufficient as an emission indicator. In conclusion, forklift operators working in real-world industrial environments are at risk of PM exposure, and it is recommended that appropriate personal protective equipment be used to minimize inhalation of particulate matters during operation. |
