硫自營性脫硝反應槽操作參數與反應動力之研究;The Study of Operation Parameters and Reaction Kinetics in a Sulfur-Based Autotrophic Denitrification Reactor

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題名:	硫自營性脫硝反應槽操作參數與反應動力之研究;The Study of Operation Parameters and Reaction Kinetics in a Sulfur-Based Autotrophic Denitrification Reactor
作者:	曾冠穎;Tseng, Kuan-Ying
貢獻者:	環境工程研究所
關鍵詞:	自營性脫硝;元素硫;硫擔體;氮負荷;RO濃排水;反應動力;Autotrophic Denitrification;Elemental Sulfur;Sulfur Carrier;Nitrogen Loading;RO reject water;Reaction Kinetics
日期:	2025-07-24
上傳時間:	2025-10-17 13:05:14 (UTC+8)
出版者:	國立中央大學
摘要:	隨著人口增加與水資源污染問題日益嚴重，硝酸鹽的排放成為重要環境議題。傳統異營脫硝需添加碳源，成本高且易造成二次污染；自營性脫硝可利用無機物作為電子供體，具低污泥、高穩定性等優勢。本研究採用元素硫(S0)作為電子供體進行硫自營性脫硝，其亦可作為擔體供生物附著形成生物膜。本研究透過不同反應器操作，評估反應特性，建立元素硫自營脫硝之操作參數，長期試驗共可分為四個階段探討，分別針對最佳體積氮負荷、迴流操作參數、下流式反應器運行方式與實廠RO濃排水應用進行討論。本研究最佳體積氮負荷為1529.4 g NO3--N/m3·d，脫硝反應區水力停留時間2.4小時，於此條件下脫硝率可達88.1%，系統具良好的脫硝效能。在間斷迴流操作中，每1.5小時迴流30分鐘，迴流比3為系統最佳條件，在負荷1858.8 g NO3--N/m3·d，脫硝反應區水力停留時間1.82小時條件下可維持74.3%的脫硝效率，過低的迴流頻率與迴流比可能導致反應器污泥滯留，進而影響硝酸鹽還原效率。下流式操作階段的經驗可得知，若累積過多氣體及生物質於反應區導致系統堵塞，將嚴重影響脫硝效能。RO濃排水中的複雜成分可能影響脫硝效率，在系統體積負荷1128.2 g NO3--N/m3·d，反應區水力停留時間1.82小時的條件下，硝酸鹽氮平均去除率為76.6%，導入實廠RO濃排水進行處理，可有效驗證此系統於真實高負荷與高鹽度水質條件下之應用潛力。透過批次試驗，計算本系統反應速率，在初始負荷22.6 mg NO3--N/g VSS情況下，硫擔體比硝酸鹽氮還原速率達0.16 mg NO3--N/g VSS·hr，系統可由零階動力學擬合硝酸鹽氮濃度變化，但實際反應速率常數卻隨初始負荷上升，由 0.16 降至 0.08 mg NO3⁻–N/g VSS·hr，顯示出單位生物量負荷與質量傳遞限制對脫硝效率具關鍵影響。菌相分析顯示系統中以Sulfurimonas與Thiobacillus豐度最高，其利用元素硫為電子供體，於缺氧環境中進行脫硝反應，為系統主要脫硝菌群。系統中亦存在異營脫硝菌，這些菌群利用反應過程中累積的微量有機碳進行脫硝，形成一個以自營脫硝為主，異營菌為輔的混營微生物結構。 ;With increasing population and worsening water resource pollution, nitrate discharge has become a pressing environmental issue. Traditional heterotrophic denitrification requires the addition of organic carbon sources, which increases operational costs and may cause secondary pollution. Autotrophic denitrification uses inorganic compounds as electron donors. It offers advantages such as low sludge production and high system stability. This study investigated the use of elemental sulfur (S0) as both an electron donor and a biofilm carrier for sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification. Reactor performance was assessed through four operational stages: optimization of volumetric nitrogen loading rate, recirculation strategies, down-flow operation, and treatment of real reverse osmosis (RO) reject wastewater. The optimal volumetric nitrogen loading rate was found to be 1529.4 g NO3--N/m3·d with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2.4 hours, achieving a denitrification efficiency of 88.1%. During intermittent recirculation, the best condition involved a 30-minute recirculation every 1.5 hours with a recirculation ratio of 3. Under these conditions (volumetric nitrogen loading rate of 1858.8 g NO3--N/m3·d and HRT of 1.82 hours), the system maintained a denitrification efficiency of 74.3%. Insufficient recirculation frequency or ratio led to sludge retention and reduced nitrate reduction efficiency. In the down-flow operation stage, excessive gas and biomass accumulation in the reaction zone caused clogging, significantly impairing system performance. When applying the system to actual RO reject wastewater (volumetric nitrogen loading rate of 1128.2 g NO3--N/m3·d, HRT of 1.82 hours), the average nitrate nitrogen removal rate reached 76.6%, demonstrating the system’s potential for treating high-salinity, high-loading wastewater under real-world conditions. Batch experiments showed that the nitrate reduction followed zero-order kinetics. At an initial loading of 22.6 mg NO3--N/g VSS, the maximum reduction rate was 0.16 mg NO3--N/g VSS·h, but decreased to 0.08 mg NO₃⁻–N/g VSS·h with higher loading, indicating mass transfer limitations and the influence of biomass-specific loading on denitrification efficiency. Microbial community analysis revealed that Sulfurimonas and Thiobacillus were the dominant autotrophic denitrifiers, using elemental sulfur as the electron donor under anoxic conditions. Heterotrophic denitrifiers were also present, utilizing trace organic carbon produced during the process, forming a mixed microbial community dominated by autotrophs with supporting heterotrophic activity.
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