| 摘要: | 本研究旨在探討貨櫃船於高雄港靠泊期間的空氣污染物與溫室氣體排放並透過量化數據，評估包含使用岸電在內的多種減排策略之潛在效益與現實挑戰，當岸電的環保效益與航商的經濟成本考量產生衝突時，為何台灣的岸電推廣會陷入市場失靈與政策效能不彰的困境，並試圖從不同政策比較的角度尋求解方。
在減排策略的評估方面，若能強制要求所有進入港區的船舶，全面改用硫含量低於0.1%的低硫輕柴油（Marine Gas Oil, MGO），將能降低68.13%的硫氧化物與60.25%的粒狀物排放。同時，若能鼓勵或要求已具備符合第三期氮氧化物排放標準（NOx Tier III）能力的船舶在港區啟用相關減排設備，將可使氮氧化物排放降低9.99%。國內現行對於船舶使用排煙脫硫設備（SOx Scrubber）的管制政策過於模糊，若船舶持續在港區內使用開環式脫硫設備搭配高硫燃油，其硫氧化物排放量反而高於直接換用低硫燃油，並有將空氣污染轉移為水污染的風險。
岸電在消除環境污染有巨大潛力，使用岸電不僅能使港區的空氣污染物及溫室氣體排放趨近於零，更能顯著降低噪音；整體區域空氣污染物排放(氮氧化物減少99.98%、硫氧化物減少99.99%及粒狀物減少99.99%)與溫室氣體排放(減少29.98%)顯著降低。然而，其推廣面臨著嚴峻的經濟障礙。船舶自行燃油發電的單位成本，與向台電購買工業用電的價格幾乎沒有差異，在缺乏明確的成本節省誘因或強力法規管制下，航商缺乏使用岸電的動力。
建議政府應採取多管齊下的綜合性策略。短期內，優先獎勵使用海運輕柴油及NOx Tier III排放標準等立即可行的措施。長期來看，要成功推廣岸電，除了持續建置基礎設施外，更關鍵的是必須透過明確的法規或足夠的經濟補助，創造出讓航商願意選擇岸電的有利環境，如此方能使岸電的環保效益有效發揮，改善台灣港口環境並邁向永續發展。
;This study investigates the air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions from container ships berthed at the Port of Kaohsiung. Through quantitative data, it evaluates the potential benefits and practical challenges of various emission reduction strategies, including the use of shore power. It explores why the promotion of shore power in Taiwan has encountered market failure and policy ineffectiveness when its environmental benefits conflict with the economic considerations of shipping companies, and attempts to find solutions from the perspective of comparing different policies.
In the evaluation of emission reduction strategies, mandating that all vessels entering the port area switch to marine gas oil (Marine Gas Oil, MGO) with a sulphur content below 0.1% could reduce sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions by 68.13% and particulate matter (PM) emissions by 60.25%. Simultaneously, encouraging or requiring vessels equipped with NOx Tier III emission standard capabilities to activate relevant reduction equipment in the port area could lower nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions by 9.99%. The current domestic regulations on the use of SOx scrubbers on ships are ambiguous. If ships continue to use open-loop scrubbers with high-sulphur fuel in the port area, their SOx emissions are actually higher than if they were to switch directly to low-sulfur fuel, and there is a risk of converting air pollution into water pollution.
Shore power has immense potential for eliminating air pollution. The use of shore power can not only bring air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions in the port area close to zero but also significantly reduce noise. The overall regional emissions of air pollutants (NOx reduced by 99.98%, SOx by 99.99%, and PM by 99.99%) and greenhouse gases (reduced by 29.98%) are significantly lowered. However, its promotion faces severe economic obstacles. There is almost no difference between the unit cost of a ship generating its own power from fuel and the price of purchasing industrial electricity from Taipower. In the absence of clear cost-saving incentives or strong legal regulations, shipping companies lack the motivation to use shore power at current stage.
In conclusion, the government should adopt a multi-pronged, comprehensive strategy. In the short term, priority should be given to incentivizing immediately feasible measures such as the use of marine gas oil and adherence to NOx Tier III emission standards. In the long term, to successfully promote shore power in Taiwan, in addition to continuing the construction of infrastructure, the key is to create a favorable environment where shipping companies are willing to choose shore power through clear regulations or sufficient economic subsidies. Only then can the environmental benefits of shore power be effectively realized, improving the environment of Taiwan′s ports and moving towards sustainable development. |
