| 摘要: | 本文從地理語言學角度出發，探討臺灣各地海陸客語音韻系統的內部差異，旨在補足過去學界未能涵蓋或描述不全的方言點資料，並從這些新調查所得，確認今日臺灣海陸客語尚存哪些原鄉語音特色，以及在語言接觸下出現哪些變異，進而結合語言接觸相關理論，分析語言接觸與語音變異之間的相關性。為盡可能全面涵蓋臺灣海陸客語各種語言變體，本文依據地理語言學研究方法蒐集了桃園市、新竹縣、苗栗縣、南投縣、花蓮縣、臺東縣共五十個方言點的語料，涵蓋臺灣北、中、東部的客語區，並繪製聲母、韻母與聲調的多幅語音詞項變體分布圖。
調查結果顯示，臺灣海陸客語在長期語言接觸下，各方言點的語音形式高度多樣化，與四縣客語接觸的方言點，韻母最先向四縣客語靠攏，其次為聲母，聲調方面則以陽去調最容易失落，陰去調、陽入調亦呈現低化趨勢，其他調類則相對穩定。與閩南語接觸的方言點，舌葉音往往前化，後接細音時雖亦有顎化現象，卻更接近閩南語，帶有[j]滑音性質，與四縣客語的顎化音實際音值不同。大埔客語的影響侷限於少數方言點的特定詞項，尚未形成系統化音變。華語的影響則與都市化程度密切相關，亦可能因發音人的社會角色與性別而異。
綜上所述，本文盡可能呈現與目前學術界相比，相對更全面的臺灣海陸客語語音地理分布資料，從語言接觸角度分析臺灣各地海陸客語的語音差異，是以地理語言學研究方式微觀分析臺灣海陸客語的第一次嘗試。
;This study adopts a geolinguistic approach to investigate the internal phonological variation of Hailu Hakka (Hǎilù kèhuà 海陸客話) across different regions of Taiwan. It seeks to address gaps in existing scholarship by documenting previously undescribed or under-documented dialectal sites. Drawing on newly collected data, the study aims to identify which phonological features of Hailu Hakka have been retained from its ancestral forms and which have undergone change under the influence of language contact. Incorporating relevant theoretical frameworks on language contact, the study further examines correlations between contact-induced variation and phonological change.
In order to comprehensively account for the linguistic diversity within Hailu Hakka in Taiwan, the research is based on data from fifty dialect points located across Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Miaoli, Nantou, Hualien, and Taitung. These regions represent the northern, central, and eastern Hakka-speaking areas of Taiwan. For each site, the study maps the distribution of phonological variants in initials, rimes, and tones using dialectal isoglosses.
The findings reveal a high degree of phonological diversification among Hailu Hakka dialects, shaped largely by long-term contact with other languages. In areas of sustained interaction with Sixian Hakka (Sìxiàn kèhuà 四縣客話), changes in the rime system tend to precede those in the initial system. Tonal changes follow a discernible pattern: the yangqu tone (陽去) is most susceptible to attrition, while the yinqu (陰去) and yangru (陽入) tones display tendencies toward lowering. Other tonal categories remain comparatively stable. In dialect areas influenced by Southern Min (Mǐnnán yǔ 閩南語), retroflex sibilants frequently undergo fronting, and palatalization is observed before high front vowels, often yielding a glide [j] characteristic of Southern Min rather than the palatalized forms found in Sixian Hakka. Influence from Dapu Hakka (Dàbù kèhuà 大埔客話) is confined to a small number of lexical items in specific sites and does not constitute a systematic sound change. Mandarin Chinese exerts influence primarily in urbanized areas and may also vary depending on speakers’ social roles and gender.
In sum, this study offers a more comprehensive mapping of the phonological landscape of Hailu Hakka in Taiwan than previously available. By interpreting regional variation through the lens of language contact, it represents the first geolinguistic micro-analysis of Hailu Hakka phonology in Taiwan. |
