普普情色：Tom Wesselmann的 《偉大美國裸體》系列研究

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許晏溶(Yen-jung Hsu) 查詢紙本館藏

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論文名稱

普普情色：Tom Wesselmann的《偉大美國裸體》系列研究
(Pop Eroticism: Tom Wesselmann′s Great American Nudes)

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摘要(中)

1960年代，美國普普藝術在藝術或媚俗的爭議之際迸發，同時，Tom Wesselmann（1931-2004）亦憑藉《偉大美國裸體》（Great American Nude）獲得名聲，並且被視為普普藝術家。「裸體」是歐洲藝術史上歷時源遠的題材，《偉》系列更展現了美國化的裸女。隨著Wesselmann逐漸對情色感到興趣，他展現具情色攻擊性與視覺衝擊的作品，也顯示60年代的性改革所帶至的影響。故而，本文以《偉》系列為主要對象，除了探究Wesselmann如何以情色為導向，描繪其理想的裸女形式以外，也藉著60年代美國文化的變革擴大對《偉》系列的詮釋。

首先，本文以Wesselmann的創作生涯為出發點，呈現其早期作品與普普藝術的關係，再透過與傳統繪畫的呼應，突顯Wesselmann有意針對前輩藝術家的挑戰。第二章則討論60年代的新興都會生活，檢視Wesselmann 納入當代元素烘托《偉》系列的創作背景。經由與畫報女郎的對照，強調《偉》系列如何將去人性化的裸女視為一個普遍性的比喻。最後，第三章進入物化與拜物課題，討論相關的延伸作品，彰顯Wesselmann創作思維的連貫性。《偉》系列做為Wesselmann第一個完整的系列作，以幽默的標題與內容展現他對藝術與社會文化的回應；十二年的創作歷程經過多次轉化，遂使裸女承古創新，也以獨特的性徵描繪方式成就其情色衷旨。

摘要(英)

In the 1960s, Pop art emerged from the controversy over the mixture of fine art and kitsch. In the early 60s, Tom Wesselmann (1931-2004) gained fame by the Great American Nudes, and was considered as the Pop artist. “Nude” is an enduring theme in European art. Great American Nude attempted to Americanize the traditional subject of the female nude. Wesselmann became more and more interested in the erotic aspects of the body after he began producing the series. He viewed art as aggressive, and used eroticism to make his paintings both erotically aggressive and visually compelling. The erotic Great American Nudes not only renewed the traditional subject but also reflected the sexual revolution in 1960s. My study focuses on the Great American Nudes, examining how Wesselmann depicted the erotic nude. The relation between Great American Nude and the cultural change is central to my study.

First, this dissertation studies the career of Wesselmann to present the connection between his early works and Pop art. Then, I emphasize Wesselmann’s intention to challenge the artists of previous generations. In chapter two, I examine the thriving urban life of the 60s as the creative background of Wesselmann’s adoption of the modern elements for this series. Through comparing the Great American Nudes with the pinup girl, I focus on how the artist transformed the dehumanized figure into a generalized nude. Finally, chapter three is concerned with the topic of objectification and fetishism. Through discussing the eroticism in the extended works in the later phase, I stress the coherence of Wesselmann’s creative thinking. The Great American Nudes, as Wesselmann’s first complete serial work, reveals his response to art and culture through a humorous title and content. After various transformation over twelve years, he made the female nude an icon combining tradition and innovation, and presented the idea of eroticism through his unique style.

關鍵字(中)

★ Tom Wesselmann
★ 《偉大美國裸體》系列
★ 1960年代
★ 普普藝術
★ 大眾文化
★ 裸女
★ 情色
★ 畫報女郎

關鍵字(英)

★ Tom Wesselmann
★ Great American Nudes
★ 1960s
★ Pop Art
★ Popular Culture
★ Female Nude
★ Erotic
★ Pinup Girl

論文目次

緒論 1
研究動機 1
文獻回顧與探討 3
問題意識 8
章節架構與研究限制 9

第一章美國普普藝術與《偉大美國裸體》的創作源起 12
第一節 1960年代普普藝術與Wesselmann的早期作品 12
一、從漫畫家到藝術家 12
二、成為普普藝術家 14
三、拒絕普普的標籤 17
小結 21
第二節《偉大美國裸體》的命題與藝術傳承 22
一、「偉大」（Great）？「美國」（American）？ 22
二、延續且創新的裸體 24
三、邁向情色的裸體 27
小結 31

第二章《偉大美國裸體》的情色辯證 32
第一節《偉大美國裸體》的情色文化背景 32
一、引發情色爭議 32
二、面對1960年代的性改革 34
三、逐漸美國化（Americanize）的裸體 37
小結 42
第二節《偉大美國裸體》與畫報女郎 43
一、超越畫報女郎 43
二、當都會場景不再 46
小結 51

第三章《偉大美國裸體》系列的物化與延伸 52
第一節物化的裸女 52
一、標準化的裸女 52
二、物化也商品化的裸女？ 54
三、男性觀看的臥室裸女 58
小結 60
第二節《偉大美國裸體》的延伸 61
一、放大的局部：嘴唇、胸部與腳 61
二、延續裸女樣貌 64
小結 67
結論 68

參考資料 72
【附錄一】《偉大美國裸體》系列圖版 77
圖版 87

參考文獻

藝術家著述

Stealingworth. Tom Wesselmann. New York: Abbeville Press, inc, 1980.

西文書目

Amaya, Mario. Pop as Art: a Survey of the New Super Realism. London: Studio Vista, 1972.
Alloway, Lawrence. American Pop Art. New York: Collier Books, 1974.
Aquin, Stéphane, ed. Tom Wesselmann. Montreal: Montreal Museum of Fine Arts; Munich; New York: DelMonico Books, Prestel, 2012.
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Brauer, David E., et al. Pop Art: U.S./U.K. Connections, 1956-1966. Houston, Tex.: Menil Collection in association with Hatje Cantz Publishers; New York: D.A.P., Distributed Art Publishers, 2001.
Buszek, Maria Elena. Pin-Up Grrrls: Feminism, Sexuality, Popular Culture. Durham: Duke University Press, 2006.
Bendixen, Alfred, ed. A Companion to the American Novel. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
Dennis, Kelly. Art/Porn: a History of Seeing and Touching. Oxford; New York: Berg, 2009.
Dijkstra, Bram. Naked: the Nude in America. New York: Rizzoli, 2010.
Eric, Shanes. Pop Art. New York: Parkstone Press, 2009.
Freud, Sigmund. Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality. Trans. James Strachey, New York: Avon, 1962.
Francis, Mark, ed. Pop Art is. London: Yale University Press, 2007.
Frankel, David, ed. De Kooning: A Retrospective. New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 2011.
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Gibson, Pamela Church and Roma Gibson. Dirty Looks: Women Pornography Power. London: British Film Institute, 1993.
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Hunter, Sam. Tom Wesselmann. London: Academy Editions, 1994.
Hall-Duncan, Nancy. The Great American Nude: June 15 to September 8, 2002. Greenwich, Conn.: Bruce Museum of Arts and Science, 2002.
Hill, Daniel Delis. Advertising to the American Woman, 1900-1999. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2002.
Jones, Amelia. A Companion to Contemporary Art since 1945. Oxford: Blackwell, 2006.
Kennison, Donald and Jessie Washburne-Harris, ed. Pop Art: the John and Kimiko Powers Collection. New York: Gagosian Gallery, 2001.
Kitch, Carolyn. The Girl on the Magazine Cover: The Origins of Visual Stereotypes in American Mass Media. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill London, 2000.
Knafo, Danielle. In Her Own Image: Women′s Self-Representation in Twentieth-Century Art. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2009.
Lucie-Smith, Edward. The Body: Images of the Nude. London: Thames and Hudson, 1981.
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Livingstone, Marco. Pop Art: an International Perspective. New York: Rizzoli, 1992.
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Lippard, Lucy R. Pop Art. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1992.
Lowenthal, Anne W. The Object as Subject: Studies in the Interpretation of Still Life. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996.
Levy, Thomas, ed. Mel Ramos: Heroines, Goddesses, Beauty Queens. Bielefeld: Kerber, 2002.
Levy, Dominique and Robert Mnuchin. Tom Wesselmann: the Sixties. New York: L & M Arts, 2006.
Lobel, Michael, James Rosenquist: Pop Art, Politics, and History in the 1960s, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009.
Mahsun, Carol Anne. Pop Art: The Critical Dialogue. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1989.
Mamiya, Christin J. Pop Art and Consumer Culture: American Super Market. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992.
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McCarthy, David. The Nude in American Painting, 1950-1980. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
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中文書目

Henry Miller著，李三沖譯，《北回歸線》台北：時報文化，1992年。
Lynda Nead著，侯宜人譯，《女性裸體》（The Female Nude）台北：遠流，1995年。
Linda Nochlin著，游惠貞譯，《女性，藝術與權力》（Women, Art, and Power and other Essays）台北：遠流，1995年。
Neret, Gilles, 《二十世紀情色藝術》紐約市: 塔森，1999年。
Pollock, Griselda著，陳香君譯，《視線與差異：陰柔氣質、女性主義與藝術歷史》（Vision and Difference: Femininity, Feminism and the Histories of Art）台北：遠流，2000年。
John Berger著，吳莉君譯，《觀看的方式》（Ways of Seeing）台北：麥田，2010年。

西文期刊

Fairbrother, Trevor J. “An Interview with Tom Wesselmann/Slim Stealingworth,” Arts Magazine, vol. 56 (1982): 136-141.
Gardner, Paul. “Tom Wesselmann: ‘I Like to Think That My Work is about All Kinds of Pleasure’,” ARtnews, vol. 81 (1982): 67-73.
Hopkins, Susan. “Sex Object-ness: The Seduction of Being Nothing,” Social Alternatives, vol. 16, no. 1 (1997): 17-19.
Hunter, Sam. “Remembering Tom Wesselmann (1931–2004): And His Alter Ego, Slim Stealingworth,” American Art, vol. 19, no. 2 (2005): 108-111.
Kuspit, Donald. B. “Pop Art: A Reactionary Realism,” Art Journal, vol. 36, no. 1 (1976): 31-38.
Kalina, Richard. “Pop′s. High Modernist,” Art in America, vol. 94, no. 11 (2006): 122-127.
McCarthy, David. “Tom Wesselmann and the Americanization of the Nude, 1961-1963,” Smithsonian Studies in American Art, 4, vol. 4, no. ¾ (1990): 102-127.
Sandler, Irving. “The New Cool-Art,” Art in America, vol. 53 (1965): 96-101.
Scherman, Tony. “When Pop Turned the Art World Upside Down,” American heritage, vol. 52, 1 (2001): 68-81.

中文期刊

蘿拉˙穆微（Laura Mulvey），〈視覺快感與敘事電影〉，林寶元譯，《電影欣賞》第 42期，臺北：國家電影資料館，1989，頁21-31。
甯應斌，＜認真看待色情＞，《色情無價》，甯應斌，何春蕤編，中央大學性／別研究室出版。

碩博士論文

陳韋臻，《庫爾貝裸女畫與大眾色情／情色文化的辯證》，曾少千指導，桃園：中央大學藝術學研究所碩士論文，2010年，135頁。
江凌青，《虛構之家──分析普普藝術中的新家居意象(以David Hockney和Tom Wesselmann為例)》，呂清夫指導，台北：臺灣師範大學美術學系研究所碩士論文，2008年，217頁。
Thomas, Joe, Eroticism in American Pop Art, 1958-1968, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 1992.

網路資料

Erotic art in Oxford Art Online：
http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T026580
想想論壇：
http://www.thinkingtaiwan.com/articles/view/496Art
Market Monitor：
http://www.artmarketmonitor.com/2013/07/24/do-wesselmanns-nudes-keep-his-prices-down/
Albright-Knox Art Gallery：
http://www.albrightknox.org/collection/collection-highlights/piece:wesselmann-still-life-20/
Musée d′Orsay：
http://www.musee-orsay.fr/index.php?id=851&L=1&tx_commentaire_pi1%5BshowUid%5D=125
MoMA：
http://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/tom-wesselmann-still-life-30-april-1963
Evoke online magazine：
http://www.evoketw.com/
The Pin-Up Files：
http://www.thepinupfiles.com/index.html

指導教授

曾少千

審核日期

2014-7-24

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