https://ir.lib.ncu.edu.tw/handle/987654321/41 Search the Channel s https://ir.lib.ncu.edu.tw/simple-search https://ir.lib.ncu.edu.tw/handle/987654321/99490 title: 應用聚乙烯亞胺改質無機聚合物吸附二氧化碳 之可行性研究;Feasibility of Polyethyleneimine-Modified Geopolymers for Carbon Dioxide Adsorption abstract: 本研究探討焚化再生粒料(Aged bottom ash, ABA)、淨水污泥與偏高嶺土 (Metakaolin)製備為無機聚合物之可行性，並利用酸及胺改質技術改變無機聚合物 表面特性，評估改質後無機聚合物吸附二氧化碳之可行性。試驗條件分別包括改 變焚化再生粒料添加量(10-40 wt%)、氫氧化鈉濃度(4-8 M)及液固比(0.65-0.85)之 無機聚合物製備條件，以及硝酸濃度(0.2-0.6 M)及聚乙烯亞胺(Polyethyleneimine, PEI)附載量(10-30 wt%)等酸及胺改質條件。 研究結果顯示，40 wt%焚化再生粒料添加量 40 wt%與 10 wt%淨水污泥及 50 wt%偏高嶺土之摻混比例，在氫氧化鈉濃度 8 M 及液固比 0.65 之試驗條件，經 25 ℃及相對濕度 60%養護 28 天，製備之無機聚合物有最高之抗壓強度 67.0±22.6 kgf/cm2。前述符合抗壓強度之無機聚合物，經研磨至小於 1 mm 後，以 0.2 M 硝 酸與液固比 20:1 之條件攪拌一小時進行酸改質。試驗結果顯示，酸改質後試樣之 比表面積為 173.5 m2 /g，孔體積為 0.31 cm3 /g，以 XRD 鑑定分析結果顯示，酸改 質前後對試樣並未有晶相改變，亦即酸改質條件僅去除試樣表面雜質及未反應矽、 鋁元素，並未改變無機聚合物整體結構。 經以 PEI 進行胺改質後之無機聚合物，進行二氧化碳吸附試驗，結果顯示在 控制二氧化碳流量 100 mL/min，吸附溫度 50 ℃及吸附時間 3 小時條件下，製備 含 30 wt% PEI 之無機聚合物，二氧化碳吸附量最大可達 0.93±0.06 mmol/g，稍較 未改質無機聚合物之吸附量 0.89±0.06 mmol/g 為高，顯示胺改質劑(PEI)有助於提 升二氧化碳之吸附能力。整體而言，本研究初步驗證 PEI 改質之無機聚合物，具 有提升二氧化碳之吸附能力，然後續可再進一步評估以不同胺改質技術，促進無 機聚合物應用於二氧化碳吸附劑之應用潛力。;This study investigated the feasibility of synthesizing geopolymer using aged bottom ash (ABA), drinking water treatment sludge, and metakaolin, and evaluated the potential of acid-modified and amine-modified geopolymer for carbon dioxide adsorption by altering geopolymers′ surface properties. The experimental conditions included variations in ABA content (10-40 wt%), sodium hydroxide concentration (4-8 M), and liquid-to-solid ratio (0.65–0.85) for geopolymer synthesis, as well as nitric acid concentration (0.2-0.6 M) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) loading (10-30 wt%) for acid and amine modification. The results indicated that the geopolymer prepared with a mixture of 40 wt% ABA, 10 wt% drinking water treatment sludge, and 50 wt% metakaolin, under a sodium hydroxide concentration of 8 M and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 0.65, exhibited the highest compressive strength of 67.0 ± 22.6 kgf/cm² after 28 days of curing at 25 °C and 60% relative humidity. The geopolymer meeting the compressive strength requirements were ground to a particle size of less than 1 mm and subjected to acid modification using 0.2 M nitric acid at a liquid-to-solid ratio of 20:1 for 1 hour. After acid modification, the sample′s specific surface area and pore volume increased to 173.5 m²/g and 0.31 cm³/g, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed no phase changes before or after modification, indicating that the acid treatment primarily removed surface impurities and unreacted silicon (Si) and aluminum (Al) without altering the overall structural integrity of the geopolymer. Subsequent carbon dioxide adsorption tests on the PEI-modified geopolymer was conducted under a carbon dioxide flow rate of 100 mL/min and an adsorption temperature of 50℃ for 3 hours. The results showed that the geopolymer with a 30 wt% PEI loading achieved a maximum carbon dioxide adsorption capacity of 0.93±0.06 iv mmol/g, which is slightly higher than the 0.89±0.06 mmol/g observed for the unmodified sample. Overall, this study preliminarily validates that PEI-modified geopolymer can enhance carbon dioxide adsorption capacity. Future research could further evaluate different amine-modification techniques to enhance the potential of geopolymer as carbon dioxide adsorbents. <br> https://ir.lib.ncu.edu.tw/handle/987654321/99487 title: 廢水污泥與固體再生燃料催化氣化產能效率及污染物排放特性之研究;Energy yield efficiency and pollutants emission characteristics in catalytic gasification of wastewater sludge and solid recovered fuel(SRF) abstract: 本研究利用旋轉窯氣化系統探討科學園區污水處理廠產出之廢水污泥，與塑膠固體再生燃料(Solid Recovered Fuels, SRF)共同催化氣化產能之可行性，其中氣化操作條件分別為氣化溫度700 ℃及當量比0.1，廢水污泥與塑膠SRF之摻混比例為1:0.2、1:0.6與1:1。為進一步評估催化氣化產能效率，研究設計以添加5 wt.%橄欖石做為評估試驗，分析項目分別包括產物分布特性、產氣組成特性、產能效率以及污染物(重金屬、硫及氯)排放特性等。 根據氣化試驗結果顯示，廢水污泥之氣化產氣熱值僅約為0.04 MJ/Nm3，當SRF摻混比例至1:1(S-100 %SRF組別)時，其氣體熱值可增加至1.54 MJ/Nm3，就冷燃氣效率分析結果，亦由廢水污泥氣化試驗之0.86 %，增加至SRF摻混比1:1時之7.72 %。添加橄欖石催化劑之試驗結果顯示，前述摻混條件之氣體熱值及冷燃氣效率，分別可提升至2.19 MJ/Nm3及10.75 %。綜合前述結果可知，添加塑膠SRF與橄欖石催化劑，將有助於廢水污泥氣化產能效率之提升。 根據氣化產物中硫與氯之分布特性結果顯示，硫主要分布於固相產物中，約占93-97 %；氯則以液相產物之分布比例較高，約占40-69 %。研究結果亦顯示塑膠SRF摻混比例增加，將增加硫及氯化合物在產物之分布比例。添加橄欖石催化劑之試驗結果顯示，產物中硫含量增加，此係橄欖石貢獻部分之硫含量，至於氯之分布特性，則因橄欖石促進焦油之裂解，致使焦油中的氯釋放與金屬氧化物形成固相之氯化合物，因此，液相產物之氯含量減少，並轉換至固相產物。 根據重金屬物種之分布特性與模擬分析結果顯示，在700 ℃氣化溫度及SRF各種摻混比例條件，本研究分析之重金屬Ba、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ga、In、Mo、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn，主要以固相之金屬化合物形式存在；液相產物中之重金屬物種預測分析，則以Zn、Cu、Pb、In與Ga之物種為主。此外，根據模擬預測之結果顯示，硫傾向與金屬形成固態化合物(如BaSO₄、PbSO₄與ZnSO₄)，氣態化合物方面則以氯化物及ZnS(g)為主，其中預測之形成物種分別為CdCl2、CuCl與ZnCl2。若氣化反應溫度提高，則形成物種可能生成GaCl3、InCl與PbCl2。綜合重金屬物種形成之預測分析，氣化溫度與氯含量為影響重金屬分布特性之重要因素，且塑膠SRF摻混比例增加，亦明顯促進部分氣相重金屬物種之形成。整體而言，本研究結果已初步掌握廢水污泥與塑膠SRF共同氣化之反應特性與產能效率，同時模擬預測重金屬硫及氯化合物之物種形成與污染排放特性，後續將有助於氣化技術應用於相關產業之推動與發展。 ;This study investigated the feasibility of catalytic co-gasification of wastewater sludge from a science park water treatment plant with plastic solid recovered fuel (SRF) using a rotary kiln gasification system. Under the operating conditions of a gasification temperature of 700 °C and an equivalence ratio (ER) of 0.1, the effects of various sludge-to-SRF blending ratios (1:0.2, 1:0.6, and 1:1) were examined. Furthermore, the study evaluated the effects of product distribution, syngas composition, energy conversion efficiency, and pollutant emission characteristics (heavy metals, sulfur, and chlorine) by adding 5 wt.% olivine as a catalyst. Experimental results demonstrate that the gasification of wastewater sludge alone yields a lower heating value (LHV) of approximately 0.04 MJ/Nm³. However, increasing the SRF blending ratio to 1:1 significantly elevates the LHV to 1.54 MJ/Nm³. Correspondingly, the cold gas efficiency (CGE) improves from 0.86% to 7.72%. Notably, the introduction of an olivine catalyst under the same blending conditions further enhances the LHV and CGE to 2.19 MJ/Nm³ and 10.75%, respectively. In summary, integrating plastic SRF with an olivine catalyst effectively optimizes the energy recovery efficiency of wastewater sludge gasification. Based on the distribution characteristics of sulfur and chlorine in the gasification products, sulfur is primarily distributed in the solid-phase products, accounting for approximately 93-97%; chlorine exhibits a higher distribution proportion in the liquid-phase products, accounting for approximately 40-69%. The results also indicate that increasing the blending ratio of plastic SRF will increase the distribution proportion of sulfur and chlorine compounds in the products. Experiments with olivine catalyst addition showed an increase in sulfur content in the products, attributed to the olivine′s sulfur content. Regarding chlorine distribution characteristics, olivine promotes tar cracking, releasing chlorine from the tar to form solid-phase chlorine compounds with metal oxides. Therefore, chlorine content in liquid-phase products decreases and shifts to solid-phase products. Based on the distribution characteristics of heavy metal species and simulation analysis results, under the conditions of 700°C gasification temperature and various SRF blending ratios, the heavy metals analyzed in this study—Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ga, In, Mo, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn—primarily exist as solid-phase metal compounds. Predictive analysis of heavy metal species in liquid-phase products indicates that Zn, Cu, Pb, In, and Ga are the predominant species. According to simulated predictions, sulfur tends to form solid compounds with metals (e.g., BaSO₄, PbSO₄, ZnSO₄), while gaseous compounds are predominantly chlorides and ZnS(g). Predicted gaseous species include CdCl₂, CuCl, and ZnCl₂. Increased gasification temperatures may generate additional species such as GaCl₃, InCl, and PbCl₂. The comprehensive analysis of heavy metal species formation indicates that gasification temperature and chlorine content are key factors influencing heavy metal distribution characteristics. Notably, increasing the SRF plastic blending ratio significantly promotes the formation of certain gaseous heavy metal species. Overall, this study has preliminarily characterized the reaction properties and energy efficiency of co-gasification between wastewater sludge and plastic SRF. Simultaneously, it simulated and predicted the formation of metal sulfide and chloride compounds along with their pollutant emission characteristics. These findings will facilitate the promotion and development of gasification technology applications in relevant industries. <br> https://ir.lib.ncu.edu.tw/handle/987654321/99485 title: 超音波水解有機污泥效能及減碳成效探討 －實廠案例;Evaluation of Ultrasonic Hydrolysis Efficiency and Carbon Reduction Performance of Organic Sludge: A Full-Scale Case Study abstract: 在現代污水處理系統中，污泥處理單元不僅是核心程序之一，更是整體處理流程中能耗與碳排放最集中的環節。傳統處理方式如焚化與掩埋，雖可作為最終處置手段，但長期面臨高成本、土地資源短缺與高溫室氣體排放等問題，已不符永續發展方向。隨著全球推動「淨零碳排」政策及強調能源效率，如何導入兼具污泥減量、節能與減碳效益之新興技術，已成為環境工程領域迫切關注的研究重點。 本研究以北部某石化業大型污水處理廠為案例，導入超音波水解模組進行有機污泥前處理，並透過為期一個月之現場連續觀測，實證分析其對污泥處理效率與碳排放之影響。研究採用溶解性化學需氧量（SCOD）、混合液揮發性懸浮固體（MLVSS）、電力與蒸氣使用量、碳排放當量（CO₂e）等多項指標，進行模組前後差異比較，並依據環境部公告之《溫室氣體排放係數管理表》（6.0.4版）進行碳排放換算。 研究結果顯示，污泥經超音波處理後， SCOD 平均提升 20.4% (±10.2% )，顯示其具顯著有機物溶出效果；碳排放強度由傳統污泥乾燥流程之 4.9901 kgCO₂e/m3 (±1.4666 kgCO₂e/m3)降至 0.9234 kgCO₂e/m3 (±0.0518 kgCO₂e/m3)，單位減碳效益達 4.0667 kgCO₂e/m3，整體減幅達 81.50%。此外，模組運轉穩定、設備結構簡潔，操作維護成本低，可有效提升脫水效率，並進一步降低蒸氣耗量與泥餅體積，兼具節能與後段處理優化之效益。 綜合而言，超音波水解技術在中大型工業廢水處理場域具高度應用潛力，不僅可作為污泥減量與資源化策略之一，更可作為邁向低碳排與循環經濟之實證技術依據，具有推廣價值與工程參考意義。 ;Modern wastewater treatment systems, the sludge treatment unit is not only a core process but also the most energy-intensive and carbon-emitting stage of the entire operation. Conventional methods such as incineration and landfilling, while technically mature, face increasing challenges including high operating costs, land scarcity, and substantial greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, making them unsustainable in the context of global net-zero carbon policies. To address these issues, the integration of energy-efficient and low-carbon sludge reduction technologies has become a key focus in environmental engineering. This study investigates the performance and carbon-reduction potential of an ultrasonic sludge hydrolysis (USH) module installed at a large-scale petrochemical wastewater treatment plant in northern Taiwan. A full-scale one-month field observation was conducted to evaluate the effects of USH on sludge solubilization and process energy consumption. Key indicators—including soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS), electricity and steam usage, and carbon dioxide equivalent emissions (CO₂e)—were monitored and analyzed in accordance with the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration’s GHG Emission Factor Management Table (Version 6.0.4). Results show that the average SCOD concentration increased by 20.4% ( ±10.2% ) after ultrasonic treatment, demonstrating significant enhancement of organic matter solubilization. The carbon intensity of sludge treatment was reduced from 4.9901 kgCO₂e/m3 ( ±1.4666 kgCO₂e/m3) under the conventional drying process to 0.9234 kgCO₂e/m3 ( ±0.0518 kgCO₂e/m3) with USH pretreatment, achieving a net reduction of 4.0667 kgCO₂e/m3 (equivalent to an 81.50 % decrease). The system exhibited stable operation, simple configuration, and low maintenance requirements, effectively improving sludge dewaterability, reducing steam demand, and minimizing dried sludge volume. These findings confirm that ultrasonic hydrolysis can simultaneously enhance sludge reduction efficiency and energy conservation while providing tangible GHG mitigation benefits. Overall, the ultrasonic sludge hydrolysis technique shows high applicability for medium- to large-scale industrial wastewater treatment plants. It offers a viable strategy for sludge minimization and resource recovery, serving as a practical reference for advancing low-carbon and circular-economy wastewater management in industrial sectors. <br> https://ir.lib.ncu.edu.tw/handle/987654321/99484 title: B7類營建剩餘土石方再利用之可行性分析;Feasibility Study on the Reuse of B7-Type Construction Residual Soils abstract: 隨著近年來台灣都市開發與公共建設工程的快速成長，營建剩餘土石方的產量持續攀升，導致大量B7類土方(即連續壁所產出之皂土)的產生。然而，目前國內對於此類土方之再利用技術與管理機制仍相對不足，使其多被堆置於土石方資源堆置處理場(以下簡稱土資場)中，造成土地資源閒置與環境負擔。另一方面，台灣部分地區長期受酸雨與農業過度施肥影響，導致土壤酸化問題日益嚴重；沿海地區亦因地下水超抽與海水入侵而出現鹽化現象；同時，工業活動與農業累積造成重金屬污染問題，進一步影響土地利用與生態安全。 因此，本研究旨在探討B7類土方作為土壤改良劑之再利用可行性，評估其於酸化土壤、重金屬污染土壤及鹽化土壤環境中的潛在應用效益與環境安全性。首先，四間土資場之B7類土方之毒性特性溶出程序(Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure, TCLP) 檢測結果顯示，其pH值介於8.6~9.7，屬強鹼性範圍，且溶出液中重金屬濃度均低於《有害事業廢棄物認定標準》，顯示其具環境安全再利用潛力。酸鹼中和試驗結果指出，B7類土方可有效且快速提升酸性土壤之pH值，顯示其在酸化土壤改良上具顯著成效，並可依植物生長需求調整添加比例(5~25%)。重金屬固定試驗結果顯示，B7類土方對鎘固定效果不佳，隨時間及有機質分解，鎘由有機物鍵結態逐漸轉化為碳酸鹽態，導致其生物可利用性上升；相較之下，對鉛固定效果良好，鉛在有機物鍵結態與殘留態比例增加，酸可溶態比例降低，使其整體生物可利用性顯著下降。鹽化土壤改良試驗則顯示，雖初期因淋洗作用導致鹽分向下移動，但隨時間延長，蒸發作用使鹽分重新上移，最終形成鹽度再分布現象，顯示單獨添加B7類土方不足以有效降低土壤鹽度。 此外，為評估B7類土方中聚丙烯醯胺(Polyacrylamide, 簡稱PAM)的環境穩定性，本研究進行光降解模擬試驗，結果顯示所有樣品皆未檢測出丙烯醯胺(Acrylamide, 簡稱AMD)的釋出，推論在為期三個月的模擬光照條件(該模擬照射條件等同於自然陽光照射三年之條件)下，B7類土方中PAM具有良好穩定性，對環境不致造成顯著風險。 綜上所述，本研究結果證實B7類土方兼具強鹼性與低重金屬溶出特性，具作為酸化及重金屬污染土壤改良劑之潛力，並具環境安全再利用之可行性。然而，其對鎘固定及鹽分降低效果有限，未來仍需結合其他改良材料與長期穩定性評估，以確保其在多重污染環境下的持續效益與生態安全。 ;In recent years, the rapid expansion of urban development and public construction projects in Taiwan has led to a continuous increase in the generation of construction surplus soils, resulting in a large amount of B7-type soil being produced. However, current reuse technologies and management strategies for B7-type soils remain insufficient, causing these materials to be stockpiled in disposal sites and contributing to land resource inefficiency and environmental burden. Meanwhile, Taiwan faces multiple soil-related environmental issues, including soil acidification caused by acid rain and excessive fertilizer application, soil salinization due to seawater intrusion and groundwater overextraction, and heavy metal contamination originating from industrial and agricultural activities. To address these problems, this study aimed to explore the feasibility of reusing B7-type soil as a soil amendment for improving acidic, heavy-metal-contaminated, and saline soils, while also assessing its environmental safety. The Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) results of B7-type soils collected from four soil resource treatment plants showed that their pH values ranged between 8.6 and 9.7, indicating strong alkalinity, and the concentrations of leached heavy metals were below the regulatory limits defined in Taiwan’s “Hazardous Industrial Waste Identification Standards.” These results demonstrate that B7-type soils possess low environmental risk and potential for safe reuse. The soil neutralization experiments revealed that B7-type soil effectively and rapidly increased the pH of acidic soils. Depending on plant requirements, the addition ratio can be adjusted between 5% and 25% to achieve the optimal pH range (5.5~7.0) for most crops. The heavy metal stabilization tests indicated that the addition of B7-type soil showed limited effectiveness in Cd immobilization. Over time, with the decomposition of organic matter, Cd gradually transformed from the organic-bound fraction (F4) to the carbonate-bound fraction (F2), resulting in higher bioavailability. In contrast, B7-type soil exhibited strong Pb immobilization ability, as the proportions of Pb in the organic-bound and residual fractions increased while the acid-soluble fraction decreased, effectively reducing Pb bioavailability. In the saline soil remediation test, initial salt leaching caused downward salt migration; however, as time progressed, evaporation led to upward salt redistribution, resulting in a new equilibrium of salt concentration between surface and subsurface layers. These findings suggest that B7-type soil alone is insufficient to significantly reduce soil salinity. To further assess environmental safety, a photodegradation experiment was conducted to evaluate the stability of polyacrylamide (PAM) in B7-type soil. The results showed that no acrylamide (AMD) release was detected in any of the samples, indicating that PAM remains stable under natural sunlight exposure and does not pose a significant environmental risk. In summary, B7-type soil is characterized by strong alkalinity, low heavy metal leachability, and good environmental stability, making it a promising material for soil improvement and resource reuse. It can effectively ameliorate soil acidity and stabilize Pb contamination; however, its Cd fixation and salt reduction performance remain limited. Future research should focus on combining B7-type soil with other amendments and evaluating its long-term stability to ensure sustainable application and environmental safety in various contaminated soil systems. <br>