DSpace collection: 博碩士論文

地球物理資料分析在地震學與測地學的應用;Seismological and Geodetic Applications of Geophysical Data Analysis

title: 地球物理資料分析在地震學與測地學的應用;Seismological and Geodetic Applications of Geophysical Data Analysis abstract: 地球物理觀測涵蓋廣泛的時間尺度範圍，從地震所產生能量的瞬間變化到地質時間尺度的板塊變形。本論文呈現探索不同時間尺度工具、複雜模型、資料迭代分析過程在地震學與大地測量學的應用。首先我們探索地震資料應用的過程，並使用三個研究結果來闡述與反演移動振源與地球構造的特徵性質。在第一項研究中，透過地震波和聲下波陣列數據，我們分辨出 2013 年台灣北海岸淡水鎮的神秘爆炸聲源為流星衝擊波信號，並應用基因演算法反演隕石軌跡的最佳解。在第二項研究中，針對印度最西部省份古吉拉特邦的雷利波相速度在 20 到 90 秒的寬頻範圍內進行相速度異常圖的分析，我們使用計算所得測站間的頻散曲線，將每個周期獨立地反演成高解析度均向性與隨著方位角變化的非均向性相速度圖，結果與已知同區域的地質構造特徵相當吻合。在第三項研究中，我們開發了一個全自動程式庫進行接收函數與剪力波分離的計算，唯一手動部分是使用者提供輸入參數。此程式庫從全球可用的資料中心搜尋與下載資料並分別計算接收函數與剪力波分離的結果，產生具出版品質的圖集。此程式庫已應用在 USArray 資料進行接收函數分析與德國的測站網資料進行剪力波分離測量。最後，我們對連續全球定位系統資料(CGPS)中的高振幅、長周期、空間相干共模誤差 (CME)的起源進行研究，分析台灣 47 個 GPS 測站所記錄到十年的日地殼變形資料來了解 CME 的起源，其季節性證明了氣象起源。使用經驗正交函數(EOFs)分析提取 CME，發現 CME 與時域和譜域中的大氣質量負荷位移顯著相關。;Geophysical observations, ranging from transient earthquake oscillations to tectonic deformations at geological scales, lie in a broad temporal spectrum. The work presented in this dissertation explores the asynchronous tools and models for the complex and iterative data analysis procedures applied in the seismology and geodesy. First, we explore the procedures applied to the seismic data and illustrate using three studies to characterize and invert for the moving source and the Earth structure. In the first study, the mysterious explosion sounds heard in the coastal town of Tamsui in Taiwan in 2013 was identified in the seismic and infrasound array data and characterized as a meteor shockwave signal and the trajectory of the meteor is inverted using Genetic Algorithm optimization scheme. In the second study, Rayleigh wave phase velocity anomaly maps of Gujarat, a westernmost province in India, is explored in a broad spectrum of 20-90s. The computed inter-station dispersion curves are inverted for high-resolution isotropic and azimuthally anisotropic phase velocity maps at each period independently, coinciding well with the known geological features in the region. In the third study, a fully automated package is developed (in Python) to conduct the Receiver Functions (RF) and Shear-wave Splitting (SWS) computation for the user-provided input parameters (the only manual part). The dataset is automatically searched and downloaded from all the available data centers around the world and is processed, and computed for RF and SWS results independently along with high-resolution figures. The package is applied to the USArray data for the RF analysis and the networks around Germany for SWS measurements. Finally, a study is conducted to understand the origin of the high amplitude, long period, and spatially coherent common-mode error (CME) in continuous GPS (CGPS) data. Ten years of daily crustal deformations recorded at 47 CGPS stations in Taiwan are analyzed to understand the origin of CME whose seasonality evidences meteorological origin. CME is extracted using the Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs) analysis and found to be significantly correlated with the atmospheric mass loading displacements in both temporal and spectral domains.

On the Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Nickel-Zinc alloys by electroplating and Their Performance of Hydrogen evolution in Alkaline Water Electrolysis;On the Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Nickel-Zinc alloys by electroplating and Their Performance of Hydrogen evolution in Alkaline Water Electrolysis

title: On the Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Nickel-Zinc alloys by electroplating and Their Performance of Hydrogen evolution in Alkaline Water Electrolysis;On the Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Nickel-Zinc alloys by electroplating and Their Performance of Hydrogen evolution in Alkaline Water Electrolysis abstract: 本研究中使用微陽極引導析鍍(MAGE)來製造3維的鎳鋅合金。此製程以含0.5M鋅離子與0.25 M – 1.00 M鎳離子之氯化鹽為鍍浴，然而本製程與一般的傳統的平板電鍍不同。它屬於局部電化學析度(LECD)，是在不對稱性電場中以高電流密度進行。所製得之鎳鋅合金，其表面形貌由掃描式電子顯微鏡觀察；合金之化學組成，則使用能量色散X射線譜來分析；合金的結晶構造則由X光繞射分析，鑑定其結晶相組成。研究結果顯示: 當渡浴中鎳離子濃度增加，則製得合金微柱中的鎳含量也隨之增加；在鎳含量較高的微柱，其柱直徑較小，表面較粗糙。XRD分析顯示: 鎳鋅合金微柱主要由γ相的結構組成、至於鎳含量較低的合金中則含有純鋅相共存。為理解電鍍過程中的電場分布，此研究使用COMSOL Multiphysics 5.2商用軟體來模擬電場之強度與分佈。此外，動態陰極極化曲線研究則可提供鎳鋅合金的異常共鍍機制。已知鎳鋅合金在析氫反應中，過電位很低，並且具有極高的交換電流密度，因此廣用為鹼性電解水產氫的陰極催化劑材料。在本研究中以MAGE製造之鎳鋅合金，嘗試作為電解水產氫的應用研究，以循環伏安法和Tafel極化分析法來檢測在這些合金在鹼性水溶液中的產氫性能；同時使用掃描式電子顯微鏡、能量色散X射線譜、X光繞射分析來比對合金產氫前後的表面型態變化和晶體結構，以評估其產氫之壽命。結果顯示，鎳含量28 at.%的鎳鋅合金有最大的交換電流密度(1.94 mA/cm2)。由於其成分的合金對於HER電催化反應擁有高穩定性，因此可作為最具潛力的鹼性水電解之產氫材料。從循環伏安法中顯示:含有28 at.% 鎳的鎳鋅合金在鹼性水溶液中縱使進行了1000次循環，其反應活性也沒有絲毫降低。 ;A process named micro-anode guided electrodeposition (MAGE) was adopted to fabricate three-dimensional (3-D) nickel-zinc alloys in this work. This process was performed in the chloride baths containing 0.50 M [Zn2+] and [Ni2+] ranging in 0.25 M – 1.00 M. It belongs to one of localized electrochemical deposition (LECD) carried out under high current density in an asymmetric electrical field compared to the traditional planar electrochemical plating. The surface morphology, chemical composition, and the crystallographic phase composition of the 3D Ni-Zn alloys was examined using SEM, EDS and XRD respectively. It was found that the alloys containing higher nickel content reveal a rougher surface with a smaller diameter. With increasing the [Ni2+] concentration in the electrolyte, the Ni-content in the alloys increases. Analysis by XRD indicated that the Ni-Zn alloys are major consisting of γ-phase and some of them display a co-existence of pure Zn-phase from the baths with diluted [Ni2+] concentration. One commercial software (i.e., COMSOL Multiphysics 5.2) was used to simulate the strength and distribution of the electric field in the MAGE process. This simulation provided a quantitatively asymmetric distribution of the electric field. In addition, the study of cathodic polarization provided useful information to realize the mechanism of Ni-Zn electrodeposition, which is classified as the anomalous electroplating. Nickel-zinc alloys are well known catalyst to produce hydrogen gas in the alkaline water electrolysis because of high exchange current density and low over-potential of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Techniques of cyclic voltammetry and Tafel polarization were conducted in the alkaline solution to study the availability of the Ni-Zn alloys to produce hydrogen gas. Prior to and post water electrolysis, the Ni-Zn alloys were examined using SEM, EDS and XRD to investigate the change their surface morphology, crystalline structure for estimation of their life. The alloy containing 28 at.% Ni was found to depict the highest exchange current density (i.e., at 1.94 mA/cm2) among the Ni-Zn alloys. This alloy 28 at.% Ni is considered as a very good candidate of cathode material in the alkaline water electrolysis due to the extreme stability of the electrochemical catalytic reactivity to the HER. Resultant from CV study of the Ni-Zn alloys with 28 at.% Ni, the reactivity remains no loss even it have withstood 1000 cycles in the alkaline water.

AuPt-Binol Binary Hybrid Nano Composites A proof of concepts in synthesis and catalytic performance;AuPt-Binol Binary Hybrid Nano Composites A proof of concepts in synthesis and catalytic performance

title: AuPt-Binol Binary Hybrid Nano Composites A proof of concepts in synthesis and catalytic performance;AuPt-Binol Binary Hybrid Nano Composites A proof of concepts in synthesis and catalytic performance abstract: 本文摘要在兩個化學世界有機-無機雜化納米複合材料具有界面，且每個界面都有其特定的特性和應用。有機和無機材料之間的雜化可能導致新的性質和新現象。合成這種雜化納米材料仍然具有挑戰性，特別是對於雙金屬無機對應物的合成。而在先前的實驗研究中，已通過一種簡單便利的水熱還原方法合成了Au-Binol雜化納米複合材料。也已證明Binol是雜化結構中的還原劑和部分有機結構。在Au-BINOL雜化納米複合材料的合成中，引入CTAC或CTAB調節納米結構 ;它可以控制金屬前驅體的還原速率，從而控制金屬納米晶體的生長。隨著CTAC或CTAB濃度的增加，中心對稱的Au-BINOL納米複合材料（同心結構）傾向於在低濃度下形成，而非中心對稱的Au-BINOL納米複合材料則在較高的濃度下（偏心結構）形成。在本篇論文中，我們應用了相同的合成概念在Au-Binol實驗研究方面，通過一種簡單便利的方法合成AuPt-Binol。通過這種簡便的方法, 藉由使用BINOL（1,1′-Bi-2-萘酚）作為還原劑、結構導向劑和雜化納米結構中的有機手性對應異構物，來合成AuPt-BINOL雜化納米複合材料。通過簡單地改變封端試劑CTAC的濃度，我們可以調節雜化納米材料的形態以獲得核-殼AuPt納米棒@BINOL或偏心AuPt納米板-BINOL納米結構。同時，為了檢查所形成的AuPt雙金屬結構的催化性能，我們從AuPt納米晶體中去除了BINOL部分，然後將其充填在炭黑上以製備10 wt。％AuPt / C催化劑。用AuPt / C和20wt％Pt / C當作實驗對照組進行4-硝基苯酚還原反應以檢驗它們在催化性能上的優越性。事實證明，AuPt納米棒/ C的反應速率常數大約是AuPt納米板/ C和Pt / C的速率的兩倍。關鍵字：二元，雜化，BINOL，合金，4-硝基苯酚 ;Abstract Organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposites have interfaces between two worlds of chemistry each has its own specific properties and applications. Hybridization between organic and inorganic materials may lead to novel properties and new phenomena. Synthesizing such a kind of hybrid nanomaterials remain challenging, especially for the synthesis of bimetallic inorganic counterpart. In the previous work Au-Binol hybrid nanocomposites have been synthesized by a facile hydrothermal reduction method. It has been proven that Binol is the reducing agent and the organic moiety in the hybrid structure. In the synthesis of Au-BINOL hybrid nanocomposite, CTAC or CTAB was introduced to modulate the nanostructure, it controls the reduction rate of metallic precursor and hence metallic nanocrystal growth. With increasing the concentration of CTAC or CTAB, centrosymmetric Au-BINOL nanocomposite (concentric structure) liked to form at low concentration while the non-centrosymmetric one at higher concentration (eccentric structure). In this thesis, we applied the same synthesis concepts in Au-Binol work to synthesize AuPt-Binol by a facile method. We provide a facile method for the synthesis of AuPt-BINOL hybrid nanocomposites by using BINOL (1,1′-Bi-2-naphthol) as the reducing agent, structure directing agent, and the organic counterpart in the hybrid nanostructures. By simply altering the concentration of the capping agent CTAC, we could modulate the morphology of the hybrid nanomaterial to obtain either core-shell AuPt nanorod@BINOL or eccentric AuPt nanoplate-BINOL nanostructures. Meanwhile, to examine the catalytic performance of the formed AuPt bimetallic structure, we remove the BINOL moieties from AuPt nanocrystals which were loaded on carbon black to prepare 10 wt.% AuPt/C catalysts. For comparison, 4-nitorphenol reduction reaction was carried out with the AuPt/C and 20 wt% Pt/C examine their superiority in catalytic performances. It turned out that the AuPt nanorods/C have about double reaction rate constant to that of AuPt nanoplates/C and Pt/C. Keywords: binary, hybrid, BINOL, alloy, 4-Nitrophenol

Higher-order Ruddlesden-Popper Phases of Mg-doping Lan+1Nin(1-x)MgnxO3n+1 (1≤n≤3 ; 0≤x≤0.04) Prepared by Combustion Process to Use as Cathode Material of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

title: Higher-order Ruddlesden-Popper Phases of Mg-doping Lan+1Nin(1-x)MgnxO3n+1 (1≤n≤3 ; 0≤x≤0.04) Prepared by Combustion Process to Use as Cathode Material of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell abstract: La2NiO4的層狀Ruddlesden-Popper（RP）結構具有比其他固態氧化物燃料電池（SOFC）的陰極材料優異之電化學活性。本研究的主要目的是探討La2NiO4陰極材料摻雜Mg的多層Ruddlesden-Popper（RP）結構，該材料是通過甘氨酸-硝酸鹽燃燒法（GNP）製備。其化學式為〖La〗_(n+1) 〖Ni〗_(n(1-x)) 〖Mg〗_nx O_((3n+1)-δ)，x為摻雜濃度，n為RP結構層數。本研究主要分為三個階段。第一階段是探討在La2NiO4中摻雜Mg的適當濃度，研究了四個Mg含量分別為x = 0、0.02、0.03和0.04，其縮寫為LNO，LN1M2，LN1M3和LN1M4。在這些樣品中，由於LN1M3（3％Mg摻雜之La2NiO4）具有高的非化學計量氧空位（δ）、高電導率（〜200 S / cm）和出色的電化學反應性，被認為是SOFC中最好的陰極材料。在第二階段中，製備較LN1M3多層之RP結構(n = 2&3)，如：LN3M3，其棒狀顆粒的框架可有效的提升電導率(即σ〜800 S / cm)，並降低極化電阻（Rp為1.41Ωcm2）。在最後階段，將樣品LN3M3絲網印刷在不同的SOFC鈕扣電池上，以研究其陰極性能，這些鈕扣電池具有不同的支撐類型（電解質支撐、陽極支撐）以及不同的電解質材料（BaCe0.6Zr0.2Y0.2O3，BCZY、(ZrO2)0.92(Y2O3)0.08，YSZ），由I-V測試之結果得到了LN3M3陰極在YSZ陽極支撐電池中有最佳之功率密度為：Pmax 205 mW / cm2，並經由電化學阻抗分析（EIS），模擬等效電路得到極化電阻為：Rp 0.12Ωcm2。;Layered Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) structure such as La2NiO4 has superior electrochemical activity than other cathode material for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC). The primary purpose of this work is to explore new cathode material with higher-order Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) structure Mg-doped La2NiO4 material, which produces via Glycine-Nitrate Process (GNP). The general chemistry formula is 〖La〗_(n+1) 〖Ni〗_(n(1-x)) 〖Mg〗_nx O_((3n+1)-δ) with x is doping concentration and n as the number of RP structure layers. Three phases were taken to achieve the purpose of this work. The first phase is to explore the appropriate concentration of Mg-doped in La2NiO4. Four samples with magnesium contents varying in x= 0,0.02,0.03, and 0.04, abbreviated as LNO, LN1M2, LN1M3, and LN1M4, respectively, were investigated. Among the specimens, LN1M3 (i.e., 3% Mg-doped La2NiO4) was found the best cathode material used in SOFC, due to high nonstoichiometric oxygen-vacancy (δ), high electrical conductivity (~200 S/cm) and excellent electrochemical reactivity. In the second phase, higher-order (n=2 &3) RP structure such as LN3M3 based on LN1M3 was formed to indicate a frame of rod-like particles to reveal good electrical conductivity (i.e., σ ~ 800 S/cm) and low polarization resistance (Rp at 1.41 Ωcm2). In the final phase, specimen LN3M3 was screen-printed on different SOFC button cells to study their cathodic performance. These button cells were different in configuration (one supported by electrolyte and another supported by anode) and distinct in electrolytes (one is BaCe0.6Zr0.2Y0.2O3, BCZY, and the other is (ZrO2)0.92(Y2O3)0.08, YSZ). The results of I-V testing demonstrate different maximum power density. LN3M3 in YSZ anode-supported cell achieved the best power density Pmax 205 mW/cm2 and polarization resistance Rp 0.12 Ωcm2. The simulation of equivalent circuits of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is useful to understand the difference in power density.