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臺灣海陸客語音韻的地理語言學研究;A Geolinguistic Study of the Phonology of Hailu Hakka in Taiwan

Fri, 17 Oct 2025 06:56:17 GMT

title: 臺灣海陸客語音韻的地理語言學研究;A Geolinguistic Study of the Phonology of Hailu Hakka in Taiwan abstract: 本文從地理語言學角度出發，探討臺灣各地海陸客語音韻系統的內部差異，旨在補足過去學界未能涵蓋或描述不全的方言點資料，並從這些新調查所得，確認今日臺灣海陸客語尚存哪些原鄉語音特色，以及在語言接觸下出現哪些變異，進而結合語言接觸相關理論，分析語言接觸與語音變異之間的相關性。為盡可能全面涵蓋臺灣海陸客語各種語言變體，本文依據地理語言學研究方法蒐集了桃園市、新竹縣、苗栗縣、南投縣、花蓮縣、臺東縣共五十個方言點的語料，涵蓋臺灣北、中、東部的客語區，並繪製聲母、韻母與聲調的多幅語音詞項變體分布圖。調查結果顯示，臺灣海陸客語在長期語言接觸下，各方言點的語音形式高度多樣化，與四縣客語接觸的方言點，韻母最先向四縣客語靠攏，其次為聲母，聲調方面則以陽去調最容易失落，陰去調、陽入調亦呈現低化趨勢，其他調類則相對穩定。與閩南語接觸的方言點，舌葉音往往前化，後接細音時雖亦有顎化現象，卻更接近閩南語，帶有[j]滑音性質，與四縣客語的顎化音實際音值不同。大埔客語的影響侷限於少數方言點的特定詞項，尚未形成系統化音變。華語的影響則與都市化程度密切相關，亦可能因發音人的社會角色與性別而異。綜上所述，本文盡可能呈現與目前學術界相比，相對更全面的臺灣海陸客語語音地理分布資料，從語言接觸角度分析臺灣各地海陸客語的語音差異，是以地理語言學研究方式微觀分析臺灣海陸客語的第一次嘗試。 ;This study adopts a geolinguistic approach to investigate the internal phonological variation of Hailu Hakka (Hǎilù kèhuà 海陸客話) across different regions of Taiwan. It seeks to address gaps in existing scholarship by documenting previously undescribed or under-documented dialectal sites. Drawing on newly collected data, the study aims to identify which phonological features of Hailu Hakka have been retained from its ancestral forms and which have undergone change under the influence of language contact. Incorporating relevant theoretical frameworks on language contact, the study further examines correlations between contact-induced variation and phonological change. In order to comprehensively account for the linguistic diversity within Hailu Hakka in Taiwan, the research is based on data from fifty dialect points located across Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Miaoli, Nantou, Hualien, and Taitung. These regions represent the northern, central, and eastern Hakka-speaking areas of Taiwan. For each site, the study maps the distribution of phonological variants in initials, rimes, and tones using dialectal isoglosses. The findings reveal a high degree of phonological diversification among Hailu Hakka dialects, shaped largely by long-term contact with other languages. In areas of sustained interaction with Sixian Hakka (Sìxiàn kèhuà 四縣客話), changes in the rime system tend to precede those in the initial system. Tonal changes follow a discernible pattern: the yangqu tone (陽去) is most susceptible to attrition, while the yinqu (陰去) and yangru (陽入) tones display tendencies toward lowering. Other tonal categories remain comparatively stable. In dialect areas influenced by Southern Min (Mǐnnán yǔ 閩南語), retroflex sibilants frequently undergo fronting, and palatalization is observed before high front vowels, often yielding a glide [j] characteristic of Southern Min rather than the palatalized forms found in Sixian Hakka. Influence from Dapu Hakka (Dàbù kèhuà 大埔客話) is confined to a small number of lexical items in specific sites and does not constitute a systematic sound change. Mandarin Chinese exerts influence primarily in urbanized areas and may also vary depending on speakers’ social roles and gender. In sum, this study offers a more comprehensive mapping of the phonological landscape of Hailu Hakka in Taiwan than previously available. By interpreting regional variation through the lens of language contact, it represents the first geolinguistic micro-analysis of Hailu Hakka phonology in Taiwan.

馬來西亞中馬客粵方言音韻研究;A PHONOLOGY STUDY OF HAKKA AND CANTONESE DIALECT IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Fri, 17 Oct 2025 06:56:13 GMT

title: 馬來西亞中馬客粵方言音韻研究;A PHONOLOGY STUDY OF HAKKA AND CANTONESE DIALECT IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA abstract: 本文以馬來西亞半島中部（中馬）的客家話優勢腔及廣府話優勢腔爲研究對象，著重分析音韻，梳理兩種優勢腔的聲韻調系統，調查範圍涵蓋中馬雪蘭莪、霹靂、森美蘭、彭亨四州屬。文章透過歷時角度與中古音韻做比較，探索兩種方言優勢腔各自的古今演變，也透過共時角度揭示兩種方言優勢腔在離開原鄉以後，經過百餘年的接觸之下產生的變化，涵蓋了聲母、韻母、聲調等各方面。有別於過往研究，我們嘗試以宏觀的角度調查大面積地理性的語言分析，結合當地華人方言社會結構及語言接觸等脈絡，一一探討各種客、粵方言相互牽制的音變問題及過程。我們在第一章的緒論中帶出了優勢腔的論述對馬來西亞漢語方言研究的必要性。說明現有的研究架構尚未出現全面性的調查成果，而結合海外華人方言社會結構、移民史、語言接觸、地理分佈等因素或方向更是少只有少。優勢腔的論述是基於馬來西亞鄉鎮地區以方言群為聚落的社會模式進一步而提出，且跨方言群、年齡層的概念，是嘗試涉略異質性研究的開端。我們在第二節以歷史概述的形式說明四個州屬並論是基於相似的歷史背景及社會面貌，以客家幫和廣府幫在錫礦業常年的競爭展開到現如今兩大方言群的語言競爭。第二章的文獻回顧可分爲四個部分討論，分別是語言接觸、方言定位及價值、語言競爭、及馬來西亞半島方言群分佈。本章進一步解釋優勢腔並非是純粹的「海外變體」，另外我們也嘗試跳出整理一套「規範化」音系的方式來切入本文的研究。我們把有關於馬來西亞漢語方言語言接觸的文獻分爲三類，透過三種分類看出馬來西亞漢語方言研究的不同階段。從純粹與原鄉方言做比較的定點式研究，這類研究往往納入共時層面的考慮一些語音及詞彙現象；第二類則是透過與非本族語言做比較發現馬來西亞漢語方言與原鄉有不少差別的研究，在處理外來詞彙時候已經跳脫了原本的漢語方言學框架；第三類結合共時及歷時層面的的研究，這類研究即考慮到語言接觸，同時也發現當地方言已有融合的跡象。第二、三部分是有關社會語言學的方言的地位及價值，和語言競爭。我們想帶入的觀點是，客家話優勢腔及廣府話優勢腔的語言地位及價值是不對等的，致使客家方言群在早年已轉用廣府方言的事實，所以粵客方言的音系中都有彼此的踪影。而這類透過接觸而移借的詞彙、語音特色是極度缺乏本地學者所支持和研究的。第四類則是有關方言群分佈的相關研究，說明中馬四州的客粵方言群比例不同於北馬、南馬、東海岸等地，其語言景觀還自成一格。加上粵客方言群在此區域的高度重疊分佈，是我們提出優勢腔論述的前提。我們在第三章梳理了中馬客家話通行腔及廣府話的語音系統，包含聲母、韻母、聲調、變調。並在第四章以歷時研究的方向，同中古音韻作比較，分析聲母及韻母的古今演變。每個字母、韻攝今讀都會一一列出。第五章主要談及中馬客家話優勢腔及廣府話優勢腔的語音變化課題，以語言接觸爲主，涵蓋了韻攝的分合、聲母及韻母的組合能力變化、聲調簡化等變異，以小專題的形式展開。第一節主要是關於客家話優勢腔的音變研究，我們以止攝韻三套韻母開章，先以歷史語言學的角度探討止攝u元音的來源及層次，確認了該韻母是產生於舌尖元音之後的。第二步再做一個平面的比較，透過大量的資料收集以語言地理學的方法呈現出客家方言止攝韻格局的面貌，讓我們得以確認這種韻母格局的來源及輻射範圍，確保他不是在落地生根以後的異變。最後，我們才是探討中馬客家話優勢腔在當地的變異機制，並考慮到語言轉用及語言接觸的可能性，列出中馬客家話優勢腔的止攝韻韻母類型地圖。後續有關聲母、韻母、介音的分析都按照上述三步分析。本章另一亮點在於，我們透過聲學測量和語料蒐集，發現客家話通行腔的上聲調和陰平調有合併的趨勢。第二節是關於廣府話優勢腔的音變研究，我們透過一系列的元音、介音組合能力增減及變異、以及陽上歸陰去的聲調簡化，發現大量客家方言群在語言轉用後留下的「痕跡」，足以說明雙管齊下的必要性，只有這樣才能透徹地分析這類音變。我們在第三節嘗試以吉隆坡和怡保兩地廣府話通行腔爲例，透過數項詞彙選擇及詞彙的語音變化的例子說明「你中有我、我中有你」的語言系統。同時也以構詞要素的分析，粗略地討論詞彙來源的分析方法，再引申到詞彙形式的轉變和語音變化上的動機和原因是相似的，結合前兩節的案例，總結粵客方言優勢腔相互影響的義項。本文採取共時比較和歷時比較相結合的方式，以多點、區域性的方式對馬來西亞漢語粵客方言進行研究。就目前所能察覺到的語音變化問題進行歸納整理，提出新的視角。希望本文的研究方法對欲要深入了解馬來西亞漢語方言，或是了解馬來西亞的客家話或廣府話的人都有幫助。 ;This paper focus on analyses the phonology of the Hakka dialect and Cantonese dialect of Selangor, Perak, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang states in the Peninsular Malaysia. We use a diachronic approach to explore the evolution of the dominant accents of the two dialects in the past and present, and then through a synchronic approach, we explore the various phonological variations of the two dialects that have arisen as a result of the language contact. Our attempt to present the phonological systems of the two dialects in a “dominant accents” is justified by the fact that most speakers of the Chinese dialects of Malaysia are not restricted to one dialect group, especially in the more densely populated West Malaysia, and by the fact that the distribution of the Hakka and Cantonese dialect groups almost overlaps with each other. In Chapter 1, we introduce the necessity of discussing the concept of “dominant accents” in the study of Chinese dialects in Malaysia. It is stated that the existing research framework has not yet produced a comprehensive survey, and there are even fewer factors or directions that incorporate the social structure, migration history, language contact, and geographic distribution of the overseas Chinese dialects. The notion of a dominant accent is proposed based on the settlement model in Malaysian towns, where communities are organized by dialect groups. The concept, which crosses both dialect and age boundaries, marks an entry point into heterogeneity-focused research. The literature review in Chapter 2 can be divided into four parts, namely, language contact, dialect positioning and value, language competition, and the distribution of dialect groups in the Peninsular Malaysia. This chapter further explains that the dominant accent is not simply an “language variant”, and that we have attempted to go beyond the compilation of a standardised phonology to approach this paper. We have categorised the literature on linguistic contact with Malaysian Chinese dialects into three types, which indicate the different stages of research on Malaysian Chinese dialects. The second and third parts are about the status and value of dialects and language competition in sociolinguistics. We would like to bring in the point that the status and value of the dominant dialects of Hakka and Cantonese are unequal, which has led to the fact that the Hakka dialect group has already switched to the Cantonese dialect in the early years of the Hakka dialect group, and so the phonological families of the Cantonese and Hakka dialects have traces of each other. This kind of vocabulary and phonological features borrowed through contact is extremely lacking in support and research by local scholars. The fourth category is related to studies on the distribution of dialect groups, which illustrates that the proportion of Hakka-Cantonese dialect groups in the four states of Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang states is different from that of Northern Malaysia, Southern Malaysia, and the East Coast, and that their linguistic landscapes are also self-contained. This, coupled with the highly overlapping distribution of Cantonese and Hakka dialect groups in this region, is a prerequisite for our advantageous cavity thesis. In Chapter 3, we have reviewed the phonological systems of the Malaysian Hakka dialect and the Cantonese dialect, including consonants, rhymes, tones, and modulations. In Chapter 4, we analyse the ancient and modern evolution of consonants and rhymes by comparing them with those of ancient and Chinese phonology in the direction of diachronic research. Chapter 5 focuses on the phonological changes in the dominant accents of the Hakka and Cantonese dominant accents, with language contact as the main theme, covering such variations as the division and combination of vowels, changes in the combining ability of vowels and rhymes, and the simplification of tones, in the form of a mini-topic.

新竹縣山城幼兒園客語教學推動現況、困境與展望;Hakka Language Education in Preschool Settings: A Case Study on Its Implementation, Challenges, and Future in Shancheng Kindergarten, Hsinchu County

Fri, 17 Oct 2025 06:55:41 GMT

title: 新竹縣山城幼兒園客語教學推動現況、困境與展望;Hakka Language Education in Preschool Settings: A Case Study on Its Implementation, Challenges, and Future in Shancheng Kindergarten, Hsinchu County abstract: 根據2021全國客家人口及語言基礎資料調查研究報告（客家委員會，2022），符合《客家基本法》定義的客家人口比例最高的五個縣市依次為：新竹縣（67.8%）、苗栗縣（62.5%）、桃園市（39.9%）、花蓮縣（34.2%）和新竹市（30.3%）。其中，新竹縣的客家人口超過三分之二，是全台客家人口比例最高的縣市。由於新竹縣面積不大且客家人口密集，這有助於客家語言和文化的傳承與發展。但研究者實際發現，本人服務的「新竹縣山城幼兒園」雖已推動「客語教學」多年，平日幼兒在園所較少使用客語對談，與同儕、師長及家長互動時，還是以華語為主，顯示語言復振成效有限。雖然政府推動客語教學復振多年，但過去研究陳雅鈴（2009）及詹琬真（2016）已提出的客語教學的問題，至今10餘年，發生的問題還是一直存在。為瞭解如何有效解決推動客語復振的困境，本研究以「新竹縣山城幼兒園」參與「客語教學」園長、客語薪傳師、教保人員及家長為訪談對象，採取質性研究方法，並以深度訪法等方式蒐集資料。本研究結果顯示：在客語保存意識方面都有明顯提高，也認同客語需要落實在生活中，才有成效，方能達到復振目的。然而在實務推動上，教保人員雖有意強化語言能力，卻受限於人力流動頻繁與繁重教學計畫壓力而難以持續進修；而多數家長則受限於配偶不通客語、家庭語言使用習慣等因素，雖認同卻難以實踐；儘管困境仍在，但經由願意踏出舒適圈教保人員與家長的努力，找出只有些微的改變與行動，卻發現客語轉動變化，也看到客語復振成效與希望，研究針對發現提出改善建議，供有意推動客語教學之幼兒園或相關單位做參考。 ;According to the 2021 National Hakka Population and Language Basic Data Survey Research Report (Hakka Affairs Council, 2022), the five counties and cities with the highest proportion of Hakka population as defined in the Hakka Basic Law are: Hsinchu County (67.8%), Miaoli County (62.5%), Taoyuan City (39.9%), Hualien County (34.2%) and Hsinchu City (30.3%).Among them, Hsinchu County has a Hakka population of more than two-thirds, which is the county and city with the highest proportion of Hakka population in Taiwan. Because Hsinchu County is small in area and densely populated by Hakka people, it contributes to the inheritance and development of Hakka language and culture. However, the researcher actually found that although the Shancheng Kindergarten in Hsinchu County, where I work, has promoted Hakka teaching for many years, children seldom use Hakka conversation in the kindergarten on weekdays, and mainly use Chinese when interacting with peers, teachers and parents. Although the government has been promoting the revival of Hakka language teaching for many years, according to the problems raised by scholars CHEN, YA-LING (2009) and Zhan Wanzhen (2016), the problems still exist for more than 10 years. In order to understand how to effectively solve the dilemma of promoting the revival of Hakka language, this study takes "Shancheng Kindergarten in Hsinchu County" as the director, paid Hakka interpreters, teaching staff and parents of Hakka language teaching. The results of this study show that the awareness of Hakka language preservation has been significantly improved, and it is also agreed that Hakka language needs to be implemented in life in order to be effective.Difficulties in implementation: although the teaching and health care personnel want to improve their Hakka language ability, they have been unable to promote their Hakka language ability because of their high annual mobility and undertaking different teaching plans; Parents think it is very important to preserve Hakka, but they are unwilling to do it because they are used to Chinese communication, their spouses don′t know Hakka, and it is easier to switch to Chinese.Based on the efforts of teachers and parents who are willing to step out of the comfort zone, this study finds that Hakka revival is effective and hopeful with only minor changes and actions. The study puts forward suggestions for improvement for kindergartens or related units interested in promoting Hakka teaching.

客家電視電影《大桔大利闔家平安》敘事研究

Wed, 09 Oct 2024 07:46:22 GMT

title: 客家電視電影《大桔大利闔家平安》敘事研究 abstract: 本論文探討客家電視電影《大桔大利闔家平安》的敘事結構、性別角色與客家文化元素。該電影將長照議題融入劇本，透過生動的影像和多層次的敘事手法，描繪了一個家庭的情感糾葛與社會變遷。此外，本論文探討了影片中橘子園等符號的運用，象徵家庭情感的耕耘與收穫，並通過非線性的敘事手法，表現過往記憶對現實生活的影響。客家文化元素的應用，特別是石哀信仰對角色心理狀態和故事發展的影響，也在研究中進行了詳細分析。研究中，分析劇中主要角色的互動，展現性別角色在家庭與職場中的掙扎與成長，特別是女性角色在公私領域中的身份轉換和權力關係。阿梅作為核心角色，展現了她在照顧家庭與追求個人幸福之間的平衡。同時，也探討影片中的性別角色重塑與權力互動，透過對身體空間與權力的探討，揭現社會結構對性別角色的影響。藉由結構主義理論，分析了影視作品中的敘事符號、性別角色和身體論述，並結合當今社會現況進行討論，試圖揭示影片中隱含的哲學思辨和社會意涵。希望藉由本研究的初探，提供更多對客家文化與影視作品的理解。關鍵詞：客家電視電影、敘事研究、身體論述;This paper examines the narrative structure, gender roles, and Hakka cultural elements in the Hakka television film " Dear Orange." The film incorporates long-term care issues into its script, portraying the emotional complexities of a family and the impact of social change through the use of vivid imagery and multi-layered narrative techniques. Furthermore, this paper examines the function of symbols such as the orange orchard in the film, which symbolizes the cultivation and harvest of familial emotions. Furthermore, it illustrates how non-linear narrative techniques convey the influence of past experiences on the present. Furthermore, the study examines the influence of Hakka cultural elements, particularly the the god of rock, on the characters′ psychological states and the development of the narrative. In this study, the interactions of the main characters in the drama are analyzed, demonstrating the struggles and growth of gender roles within the family and workplace. In particular, the identity shifts and power dynamics of female characters in both public and private spheres are examined. As a central figure, A Mei exemplifies the ability to balance familial obligations with the pursuit of personal fulfillment. Concurrently, the film examines the transformation of gender roles and power dynamics, elucidating the influence of social structures on gender roles through an investigation of physical space and power. This study employs structuralism theory to analyze narrative symbols, gender roles, and bodily discourses in film and television works, while also contextualizing them within the current social milieu. It aims to elucidate the philosophical reflections and social implications embedded in the films. This preliminary research endeavors to provide a more profound comprehension of Hakka culture and its representation in film and television works. Key Words: Hakka Television Films, Narrative Studies, Body Discours