| 摘要: | 滿洲國建立於1932年3月，是由日本關東軍石原莞爾等人籌劃並協助溥儀成立的
新國家。滿洲國以「王道主義」及「五族協和」為立國口號，目的是冀望成為世界上先進和以王道為本的模範國家；而滿洲國成立的原因不僅是關東軍的計謀，還包括一群效忠清王室的遺清們及希望復闢清朝的溥儀。而長城戰役發生於1933年1月1日到5月31日，又稱為長城大會戰或熱河戰役。是日本偕同滿洲國向熱河侵略的一場戰役，由於滿洲國在建國之時，便早已將熱河省納入滿洲國疆域之中，再加上日本既定的大陸政策及覬覦熱河的鴉片利益，在多種因素的推波助瀾下，1933年1月1日榆關事件一觸即發，引起各界譁然。
由於中國政府時值剿共之際，無暇顧及東北局勢，以至於日本趁虛而入以閃電般的速度迅速占領承德；蔣介石的「先安內，後攘外」的政策，使其成為眾矢之的。 而在這場戰爭中，滿洲國是如何在戰線大後方為日本軍隊提供協助呢？在「日滿一體」的概念下，日滿一德一心又是如何在動員裏輸出價值呢？在軍事、教育、宣傳及精神動員上，滿洲國的動員策略將是本文後段章節之重點。
由於滿洲國成立不久後便爆發了長城戰役，在短短五個月間，日本最終贏得了這場戰爭，其中滿洲國的成立緣由及在戰爭中，中日雙方的攻防與外交角力抑是影響這場戰爭勝負之重要因素；而戰爭背後的動員層面相當廣泛，遍及各個領域之中，其意義及相關解釋也因各國所處的狀況不同而有改變，故本文將以發生在熱河省1933年的長城戰役和滿洲國所採取的戰爭動員為主軸加以探究其歷史意涵。
;Manchukuo was established in March 1932, planned by Japan’s Kwantung Army figures such as Ishiwara Kanji and assisted by Puyi in founding the new state. Manchukuo adopted the slogans of “The Way of the King” and “Harmony Among the Five Races” as its founding principles, aspiring to become a model nation in the world—advanced and governed by the principles of benevolence. The reasons for its establishment were not solely the schemes of the Kwantung Army; they also included a group of loyalist Qing supporters and Puyi’s own hopes of restoring the Qing dynasty.
The Battle of the Great Wall took place from January 1 to May 31, 1933, also known as the Great Wall Campaign or the Rehe Campaign. It was an invasion of Rehe by Japan in collaboration with Manchukuo. Since Manchukuo had already incorporated Rehe Province into its territory at the time of its founding—and given Japan’s established continental policy and its coveting of the opium profits from Rehe—multiple factors pushed events toward conflict. On January 1, 1933, the Shanhaiguan Incident broke out, shocking all sectors of society.
At the time, the Chinese government was preoccupied with its campaign to suppress the Communists, leaving it unable to deal with the situation in the northeast. Japan took advantage of this opening and, with lightning speed, seized Chengde. Chiang Kai-shek’s policy of “pacify the interior before resisting the external enemy” made him the target of heavy criticism.
In this war, how did Manchukuo, positioned in the deep rear of the battle lines, provide support for the Japanese army? Under the concept of “Japan and Manchukuo as one,” how were unity and shared purpose expressed through mobilization to export values? Manchukuo’s mobilization strategies in the military, education, propaganda, and spiritual spheres will be the focus of the latter part of this article.
Since the outbreak of the Battle of the Great Wall occurred shortly after Manchukuo’s founding, Japan ultimately won the war in just five months. The reasons for this victory lay not only in the origins of Manchukuo’s establishment, but also in the offensive and defensive maneuvers and diplomatic struggles between China and Japan during the war. Behind the conflict, the scope of mobilization was extensive, spanning multiple domains. Its significance and interpretations have varied depending on each country’s circumstances. Therefore, this article will focus on the Battle of the Great Wall in Rehe Province in 1933 and the wartime mobilization measures adopted by Manchukuo, in order to explore their historical implications. |
