本論文探討熱帶對流能量學如何形塑 Madden–Julian 振盪（MJO）之傳播多樣性。利用現代再分析資料，我們透過整層水氣與乾靜能（DSE）收支，以及一組以物理過程為導向的總濕穩定度（GMS）指標，診斷 MJO 的演變。本研究發展一個受對流準平衡（CQE）約束的 GMS 相位平面，以區分能量再充填–釋放過程與增濕–乾化途徑。此框架提供了一種簡潔的診斷方式，用以視覺化 MJO 生命週期的演變並辨識增強與衰減階段。 隨後，我們將此框架應用於大量歷史 MJO 事件，並以 k-means 分群方法分類為駐留型、慢速傳播型與快速傳播型。對每一類型而言，GMS 相位平面揭示其獨特的能量途徑，並釐清垂直與水平過程如何共同促成傳播。各類型所對應的特徵性 GMS 亦提供一項統一不同傳播行為的能量判據。 基於水平水氣平流對 MJO 傳播具有關鍵性影響，我們進一步構建一個可解釋的分類方法，利用少量具物理意義的預測因子，實現近即時的 MJO 類型判識。儘管其整體技巧較 k-means 為低，但此方法提供了一種透明且以能量學為基礎的替代方案，可補充更為複雜的機器學習模型。綜合而言，本研究建立了一套一致的能量學觀點，以解釋 MJO 之多樣性，並展示水氣–能量途徑如何支配不同類型 MJO 在印太暖池中的增強、傳播或衰減行為。;This dissertation investigates how the energetics of tropical convection shape the diversity of Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) propagation. Using modern reanalysis data, we diagnose MJO evolution through the column moisture and dry static energy (DSE) budgets and a set of process-oriented gross moist stability (GMS) measures. A convective-quasi-equilibrium (CQE) constrained GMS phase plane is developed to separate energetic recharge–discharge processes from moistening–drying pathways. This framework provides a compact diagnostic for visualizing MJO life-cycle evolution and identifying amplification and decay stages. The framework is then applied to a large set of historical MJO events categorized via k-means clustering into standing, slow-propagating, and fast-propagating groups. For each type, the GMS plane reveals distinct energetic pathways and clarifies how vertical and horizontal processes contribute to propagation. A characteristic GMS associated with each archetype acts as an energetic criterion that unifies these behaviors across regimes. Recognizing the pivotal role of horizontal moisture advection for propagation, we further construct an interpretable classification scheme that enables near–real-time identification of MJO regimes using a small set of physically meaningful predictors. Although its overall skill is modest compared with k-means, the scheme offers a transparent, energetically grounded alternative to more complex machine-learning models. Together, these results provide a coherent energetic perspective on MJO diversity and demonstrate how moisture–energy pathways govern the variety of MJO types to amplify, propagate, or decay across the Indo-Pacific warm pool.
