| 摘要: | 本研究以漢語、日語與韓語三語之間的漢字詞為核心，探討其在不同歷史時期與語言接觸情境下所形成的音韻差異與來源層次。由於東亞語言共享大量漢字詞，但其輸入時代、語音調整方式與詞彙來源並不一致，導致同形詞在三語中呈現多層次的聲韻對應。本研究將語料依其語源背景與語音特性區分為四類：（一）古漢語翻譯西洋語詞的辭彙；（二）19-20世紀漢字創造新詞翻譯西歐辭彙；（三）以漢字書寫實純粹的日本語或半日本語；（四）經由日語進入韓語、閩南語的外來語。此四類詞彙雖皆以漢字呈現，然其語音來源分屬古漢語、近代日語與外來語系統，為進行語音史研究提供良好素材。
以中古漢語為基準，採三向語音比較（古漢語→日語、古漢語→韓語、日語→韓語）的方法，分析四類詞彙在聲母與韻母的對應規律。研究同時參照《中日韓共用漢字辭典》等六百餘筆三語對照語料，以建立可靠的比較基準。透過聲母、韻母特徵與來源判定指標，本研究試圖釐清各類詞彙在韓語中的音韻來源，嘗試找尋日韓漢字音在不同來源層中的異同。
綜合而言，本研究透過跨語言的聲韻比較與詞彙來源分析，揭示東亞漢字詞在歷史輸入過程中所形成的多層音韻結構。此研究除深化日韓漢字音的比較研究外，也為東亞語言接觸、語音適應與詞彙傳播機制提供新的觀察視角。
關鍵字:韓國漢字音、漢字音
;This study examines Sino-character vocabulary shared among Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, with a particular focus on the phonological divergences and source strata that emerged under different historical periods and contexts of language contact. Although East Asian languages share a substantial body of Sino-character words, differences in periods of adoption, phonological adaptation strategies, and lexical origins have resulted in multilayered correspondences in initials and finals across the three languages. To account for these differences, the present study classifies the data into four categories according to etymological background and phonological characteristics:
(1) vocabulary created in Old Chinese to translate Western concepts.
(2) neologisms coined with Chinese characters in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to translate Western European terms.
(3) words written in Chinese characters but representing purely Japanese or semi-Japanese lexemes.
(4) loanwords transmitted into Korean and Southern Min via Japanese.
Although all four categories are written in Chinese characters, their phonological sources derive respectively from Old Chinese, Modern Japanese, and foreign lexical systems, making them well suited for historical phonological investigation.
Taking Middle Chinese as the comparative baseline, this study adopts a tripartite comparative approach—Old Chinese to Japanese, Old Chinese to Korean, and Japanese to Korean—to analyze patterns of correspondence in both initials and finals across the four lexical categories. The analysis draws on more than six hundred trilingual comparative entries, primarily based on The Commonly Used Chinese Characters in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Dictionary, in order to establish a reliable empirical foundation. Through a set of diagnostic criteria involving phonological features and source identification, this study aims to clarify the phonological origins of Sino-character vocabulary in Korean and to explore similarities and differences between Japanese and Korean Sino-readings across distinct source strata.
In sum, by integrating cross-linguistic phonological comparison with etymological stratification, this study reveals the multilayered phonological structures formed during the historical transmission of Sino-character vocabulary in East Asia. Beyond advancing comparative research on Japanese and Korean Sino-readings, the findings also provide new perspectives on language contact, phonological adaptation, and mechanisms of lexical transmission in the East Asian linguistic sphere. |
