博碩士論文 973202030 詳細資訊




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姓名 薛景壕(Ching-hao Hsueh)  查詢紙本館藏   畢業系所 土木工程學系
論文名稱 人工岩體受剪變形之音波特性
(The properties of sound wave during shear deformation of artificial rock)
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摘要(中) 本研究以氣動式直剪試驗儀進行人工岩體之摩擦試驗與剪力強度試驗,以模擬岩石層面摩擦與破裂之行為,接著利用電容式微音器及加速度計量測試驗過程中產生之波傳訊號,探討音波、振波與位移間之相互關係。試驗方法以應力控制方式分階施加水平應力,進行一系列固定正向應力之摩擦與剪力強度試驗。本研究之波傳訊號以最大音壓及最大加速度描述某時間區段內訊號強弱,由摩擦試驗結果顯示於人工岩體發生破壞前,若可測得較背景音波訊號為大之音壓,則表示層面間之應力已達到降伏摩擦應力,若摩擦應力持續增加則會發生瞬間滑動破壞,並產生大幅音壓。剪力強度試驗結果顯示於人工岩體發生破壞前,可測得裂隙產生時所發出之音壓,然於試驗中未觀察到顯著之降伏應力及音壓,當人工岩體受剪破壞時才產生巨幅音壓。岩石層面通常存在許多已開裂層面和局部開裂岩體,當局部開裂岩體受剪破裂時,可能尚不致產生大量位移;然已開裂層面受剪時所承受之剪力為層面間之摩擦阻抗,破壞時將產生瞬間之顯著滑動。因此本研究提出一岩層破壞預警模式,當測得巨幅音壓時,即表示此岩層層面之部分岩體開始因受剪而產生破裂,須將該區域視為警戒範圍,應密集觀測滑動破壞所產生之音波訊號,一旦發現音壓有小幅驟升現象發生,即代表獲知岩層或邊坡即將發生滑動破壞之訊息,此時立刻對此岩層或邊坡發出警訊,將可以降低或預防災害的產生。
摘要(英) This research used artificial rock specimens to perform a series of friction tests and shear tests by stress controlled direct shear apparatus, to simulate friction and crack behaviors of rocks. In the testing processes, the data of sound waves and vibration waves was measured, and the relationships among sound waves, vibration waves and shear displacement were discussed. To avoid the disturbances of vibration and noise of the shearing machine, an air cylinder was used to apply the shearing or frictional forces in several small steps until the failure of specimens occur. The signals of wave propagation in a time period were expressed as maximum sound pressure and maximum acceleration.
According to the results of the friction tests, some apparent signals of sound pressure and acceleration would be measured before the frictional failure. This means that the frictional stress between these two artificial rocks has reached the yielding value. If the frictional stress increases continuously, the sliding failure may occur and cause some large sound pressure and acceleration simultaneously. On the other hand, although some apparent signals of sound pressure and acceleration can be detected from the shearing tests, but the yielding stress still can not be found and the failure occurred instantly during the shear stress reached the peak value.
Therefore, in the application of early warning of rock slope, it is understood that there may exist some apparent cracks or faults in rock ground, and both of the partial cracking or sliding rock may cause some apparent signals of sound and vibration. The combination of these information obtained from this research may support an early warning system of rock slope to decrease the damage of disaster.
關鍵字(中) ★ 人工岩體
★ 岩石摩擦
★ 岩石破裂
★ 音波
★ 加速度
關鍵字(英) ★ sound pressure
★ acceleration
★ crack of rock
★ friction of rock
★ artificial rock
論文目次 摘要 I
Abstract II
目錄 III
照片目錄 VI
表目錄 VII
圖目錄 VIII
符號說明 XI
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究動機與目的 1
1.2 研究方法 1
1.3 論文內容 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2.1 音波與振波特性 3
2.1.1 音波基本原理 3
2.1.2 空氣中音波衰減特性 3
2.1.3 土層中振波衰減特性 4
2.1.4 音射現象 6
2.2 音波訊號分析 7
2.2.1 音波基本參數 7
2.2.3 時間域分析 9
2.2.4 頻率域分析 9
2.2.5 振幅與振幅分布 10
2.3 音波之應用 10
2.3.1 土壤中音波之研究 10
2.3.2 不穩定邊坡之音波量測 11
2.3.3 岩石中音波之研究 12
2.3.4 岩石邊坡之音波量測 13
2.3.5 混凝土塊受壓時之音波反應 14
2.3.6 土石流地聲特性之研究 15
2.3.7 乾燥砂土中音波及振波之傳遞特性 16
2.3.8 岩石摩擦之音波量測與應用 16
第三章 試體製作、試驗設備與試驗方法 32
3.1 試體製作 32
3.1.1 摩擦試驗之試體製作 32
3.1.2 剪力強度試驗之試體製作 32
3.2 試體材料之基本物理性質及單軸壓縮強度 33
3.3 試驗儀器與相關設備 34
3.3.1 波傳量測系統 35
3.3.2 改良式直接剪力試驗儀 38
3.3.3 量測系統設備 39
3.3.5 單軸壓縮試驗儀 41
3.4 試驗方法及步驟 41
3.4.1 人工岩體摩擦試驗 42
3.4.2 人工岩體剪力強度試驗 42
3.4.2 應變控制式與應力控制式之試驗步驟與儀器配置 43
第四章 試驗結果與分析 64
4.1 波傳訊號之濾波處理 64
4.2 摩擦試驗 64
4.2.1 摩擦應力與正向應力之關係 64
4.2.2 正向應力對摩擦應力與水平位移之影響 65
4.2.3 摩擦應力與水平位移之關係 66
4.2.4 最大音壓與最大加速度訊號之擷取 66
4.2.5 音波訊號、摩擦應力與水平位移之關係 67
4.2.6 人工岩體強度對音波與摩擦應力之影響 68
4.2.7 音波訊號與加速度訊號之比較 69
4.3 剪力強度試驗 69
4.3.1 剪應力與正向應力之關係 69
4.3.2 正向應力對剪應力與水平位移之影響 70
4.3.3 剪應力與水平位移之關係 70
4.3.4 最大音壓與最大加速度訊號之擷取 71
4.3.5 音波訊號、剪應力與位移之關係 71
4.3.6 音波訊號與加速度訊號之比較 72
4.4 摩擦試驗與剪力強度試驗之比較 72
第五章 結論與建議 104
5.1 結論 104
5.2 建議 106
參考文獻 107
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指導教授 張惠文(Huei-wen Chang) 審核日期 2010-7-29
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