以動態離心模型試驗模擬沉埋隧道上浮機制

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姓名

莊汶雅(Wen-Ya Chuang) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

土木工程學系

論文名稱

以動態離心模型試驗模擬沉埋隧道上浮機制
(Dynamic centrifuge modeling on uplift mechanism of immersed tunnel)

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摘要(中)

隧道建構於高液化潛能之砂土層時，其周圍土壤受到強震作用會發生液化現象，隧道周圍土壤受到超額孔隙水壓力激發之影響，而喪失對隧道的束縛效果，進而使得隧道在強震作用下而上浮。
台北-板橋鐵路地下化路段，因鐵路地下化隧道採明挖覆蓋的施工方式進行，且隧道處於有液化潛能之土層中，上方覆土較少，當隧道周圍土壤遭受強震而液化時，可能產生上浮破壞的現象。本研究利用地工離心振動台試驗，於80g離心重力場情況下，模擬飽和砂土受振液化與沉埋模型隧道於液化土層之受振行為。試驗過程量測沉埋隧道上浮量及隧道周圍土壤的超額孔隙水壓力與加速度歷時反應，藉此深入探討沉埋隧道上浮機制。
根據研究結果顯示，當土體受振時激發超額孔隙水壓，使砂土顆粒間以及砂土隧道間摩擦力降低，產生隧道上浮。此外根據水力梯度分析結果顯示，土體振動時所激發之超額孔隙水壓，會因有效覆土應力不同而有所差異，故所激發之超額孔隙水壓有所差異，使產生水頭差，造成隧道下方土層會有往隧道底部垂直向上之滲流力，以及隧道側方土層會有往隧道底部之水平滲流力，將液化或接近液化浮動之砂土往隧道下方流動並擠壓，造成隧道上浮。由試驗得到之超額孔隙水壓力，可代入日本道路協會所提出之抗上浮安全係數(FS)評估方程式，經計算結果顯示，當安全係數小於0.98時隧道開始產生上浮，FS於0.74~0.98間時隧道會持續上浮。

摘要(英)

Saturated loose sand may liquefy during strong earthquakes. Floating of embedded tunnel due to the lighter unit weight of the tunnel during the surrounding soil liquefaction may cause severe damage of tunnel. A series of dynamic centrifuge model tests was conducted in order to investigate uplift behavior of tunnel in the liquefiable sand during 1-D shaking.
The model tunnels used in the study have different unit weights and are embedded in two different embedment depths and in the different sand beds saturated with viscous fluid and water, respectively. Four accelerometers are instrumented in the model tunnel to measure the seismic response of tunnel. A dense array of accelerometers and pore water pressure transducers are also installed to measure the seismic response and the generation of pore water pressure in the surrounding soil during shaking. In addition, several LVDTs are used to measure the uplift of model tunnel, the surface settlement, and the lateral displacements on the wall of laminar box. Several colored sand layers are placed at various depths for observing the ground deformation after the tests.
According to the analysis of model test results, the following conclusions are made: (1) The magnitude of tunnel uplift is significantly influenced by the viscosity of pore fluid and the embedded depth of tunnel. The tunnel will experience the less uplift if the tunnel is embedded in the deeper depth and in the less viscous pore fluid. (2) Once the tunnel begins floating the liquefied sand will squeeze into the tunnel bottom due to high seepage forces form the outside of tunnel and below the tunnel toward the bottom of tunnel. (3) Once the Safety factor against uplift (FS) calculated with the proposed method is less than 1 the tunnel will start floating during shaking.

關鍵字(中)

★ 上浮
★ 沉埋隧道
★ 液化
★ 振動台
★ 離心模型試驗

關鍵字(英)

★ centrifuge modeling test
★ shaking table
★ liquefaction
★ immersed tunnel
★ uplift

論文目次

摘要 i
ABSTRACT ii
致謝 iii
目錄 iv
表目錄 vii
圖目錄 viii
符號說明 xv
第一章緒論 1
1-1 研究動機與目的 1
1-2 研究方法 2
1-3 論文架構 3
第二章文獻回顧 7
2-1 土壤液化 7
2-2 隧道上浮機制 7
2-3 地下結構物抗上浮安全係數 9
2-4 地下結構物於飽和砂土中受振之模型試驗 10
2-5 地下結構物上浮位移量之計算 12
2-6 離心模型原理 18
2-6-1離心模型基本相似律 18
2-6-2動態離心模型基本相似律 19
2-7 小結 22
第三章試驗土樣、儀器設備及試驗方法 42
3-1試驗方法 42
3-2 試驗儀器及相關設備 42
3-2-1 地工離心機 42
3-2-2 離心振動台與擷取設備 42
3-2-3積層版試驗箱 43
3-2-4移動式霣降儀 43
3-2-5 其他量測工具 44
3-3試驗土樣及土樣工程性質 44
3-3-1 試驗土樣 44
3-3-2 最大最小乾密度 44
3-3-3直接剪力試驗 45
3-4 試驗方法與步驟 45
3-4-1 前置作業 45
3-4-2重模試體之製作： 46
3-4-3離心機飛行前準備與振動試驗 47
第四章試驗結果與討論 65
4-1分析方法 65
4-2 隧道上浮量、地表沉陷量與側向位移之比較 70
4-2-1隧道上浮反應 70
4-2-2 地盤沉陷反應 73
4-2-3 地盤側向位移 76
4-3 不同試驗條件超額孔隙水壓歷時比較 78
4-4 超額孔隙水壓比 82
4-5 水力坡降 84
4-6安全係數之探討 87
4-7 不同試驗條件加速度歷時之比較 90
4-8 隧道上浮量之計算 92
4-8-1 Tobita隧道上浮計算 92
4-8-2 Sasaki隧道上浮計算 95
4-9 土層變形 100
第五章結論與建議 179
參考文獻 182
附錄一模型隧道設計 185
附錄1-A 現地隧道平均單位重與隧道底部接觸應力計算 185
附錄1-B 模型隧道平均單位重與隧道底部接觸應力計算 186
附錄1-C 模型隧道材質選擇 187
附錄1-D 模型隧道細部設計 187
附錄二滑輪式LVDT架設計 192
附錄2-A 滑輪式位移架變形模擬 192
附錄2-B 滑輪式位移架變形模擬 192

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指導教授

李崇正(Chung-Jung Lee)

審核日期

2010-12-23

推文