博碩士論文 983202041 詳細資訊




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姓名 呂盈慧(Ying-hui Lu)  查詢紙本館藏   畢業系所 土木工程學系
論文名稱 大地材料受剪時之音波與振波特性
(The properties of sound waves and vibration waves in geotechnical material during shear deformation)
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摘要(中) 台灣地處板塊交界處,地勢陡峭、降雨集中,以及人為過度開發山坡地,因此坡地安全監測是大地工程重要項目之一。本研究以直接剪力試驗模擬不同材料地層間之相對剪動,同時利用微音器及加速度計量測其破壞或滑動時產生之音波與振波,並藉由波傳系統的感測器具之高靈敏性,進行防災之基礎研究,以提供未來建立災害預警機制時之參考。
本研究主要係利用西螺砂、七厘石與人工岩體等三種材料,進行土體之剪力強度試驗及界面摩擦試驗。結果顯示,大地材料受剪或摩擦滑動之訊號之音波顯著頻率分佈範圍具有確定性,其中砂土音波顯著頻率在30 Hz以下。七厘石為粒徑較小之礫石,其音波顯著頻率偏高,約分佈於500~840 Hz。本研究可利用上述之頻率特性,判斷原本為一複雜之音波訊號,得知其所包含的資訊。此外,振波加速度於剪應力與摩擦應力施加初期開始產生明顯訊號,當接近降伏時開始產生連續振波至破壞前開始劇增。由於振波加速度之振幅在降伏前幾乎相似,無法確定是否降伏,且容易造成誤判,但如果在邊坡持續量測到一連續生成之振波,即可列入警戒進行密集觀察。再配合音波訊號之監測,當測得之音波包含上述之頻率範圍,必須將此邊坡列入警戒區密集觀察,當測得音壓強度大於一般平均值或巨幅音壓時,則應立即發佈警報,以預防或降低災害發生。
摘要(英) The purpose of this study is to do a basic research of sound waves and vibration waves for warning signals of slope failure. Three kinds of material such as Silou sand, gravel and artificial rock were used to perform a series of shear tests and friction tests by using direct shear apparatus under stress control condition. In this study, to avoid the disturbances of vibration and noise during the shearing process, an air cylinder was used to apply the shearing or frictional forces in several steps until the failure of specimens occur. The sound and vibration signals were both analyzed by using the Fast Fourier Transform through the FAMOS software to represent the signals in frequency domain.
The experimental data of shear and friction tests showed that the apparent frequency of sand is lower than 30 Hz and the apparent frequency of gravel is located between 500~840 Hz. According to the experimental results, the shearing information of the material could be distinguished by using the apparent frequency mentioned previously. In addition, the sound signals kept some constant and small values continuously and then some burst signals occurred at the moment of failure. However, the values of acceleration increased gradually before yielding and then some apparent signals occurred. Therefore, an early warning system of monitoring the slope failure can be established by using the combination of the information mentioned before to decrease the damage of disaster.
關鍵字(中) ★ 加速度
★ 音波
★ 摩擦試驗
★ 剪力試驗
★ 顯著頻率
關鍵字(英) ★ sound wave
★ shear test
★ friction test
★ apparent frequency
★ acceleration
論文目次 中文摘要 i
英文摘要 ii
照片目錄 vii
表目錄 viii
圖目錄 ix
符號說明 xiv
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究動機與目的 1
1.2 研究方法 1
1.3 論文內容 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2.1 音波之特性 3
2.1.1 音波基本原理 3
2.1.2 音射現象 3
2.2 音波訊號分析 5
2.2.1 音波基本參數 5
2.2.2 時間域分析 6
2.2.3 頻率域分析 7
2.3 波傳之衰減特性 7
2.3.1 空氣中音波衰減特性 7
2.3.2 土層中振波衰減特性 8
2.4 土壤中音波之研究 10
2.5 土石流地聲特性之研究 10
2.6 不穩定邊坡之音波量測 11
2.7 時域反射技術用於邊坡監測 12
2.8 乾燥砂土中音波及振波之傳遞特性 13
2.9 岩石摩擦與破裂之音波量測與應用 13
第三章 試驗試體、儀器設備及試驗方法 24
3.1 試體製作 24
3.2 試體材料及基本物理性質 24
3.3 試驗儀器與相關設備 24
3.3.1 波傳量測系統 25
3.3.2 改良式直接剪力試驗儀 27
3.3.3 量測系統設備 28
3.4 試驗方法及步驟 30
3.5 量測試驗材料之主要音波頻率範圍 31
3.6 波傳訊號之處理 32
第四章 試驗結果與分析 51
4.1 土壤剪力強度試驗 51
4.1.1 剪應力對正向應力剪動位移之關係曲線 51
4.1.2 相對密度對剪應力與剪動位移關係曲線之影響 51
4.2 土壤與人工岩體摩擦試驗 52
4.2.1 正向應力對摩擦應力與滑動位移關係曲線之影響 52
4.2.2 相對密度對摩擦應力與滑動位移關係曲線之影響 52
4.3 波傳訊號之濾波處理 53
4.4 土層剪力強度試驗之音波與振波加速度之特性 54
4.4.1 土層剪力強度試驗之音波歷時曲線 54
4.4.2 土層剪力強度試驗之振波加速度歷時曲線 55
4.4.3 土層剪力強度試驗之音波與振波加速度FFT頻譜分析 55
4.5 岩石與土壤界面滑動試驗之音波與振波加速度特性 56
4.5.1 界面滑動之音波歷時曲線 56
4.5.2 界面滑動之振波加速度歷時曲線 57
4.5.3 界面滑動之音波與振波加速度之FFT頻譜分析 57
4.6 最大音壓與最大加速度之比較 58
4.7 界面摩擦破壞之延遲時間 58
第五章 結論與建議 86
5.1 結論 86
5.2 建議 87
參考文獻 88
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指導教授 張惠文(Huei-wen Chang) 審核日期 2011-8-8
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