以沙龍女主人之名─苬佛涵夫人（Madame Geoffrin，1699-1777）與週一藝術沙龍

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論文名稱

以沙龍女主人之名─苬佛涵夫人（Madame Geoffrin，1699-1777）與週一藝術沙龍
(In the Name of Salonière: Madame Geoffrin(1699-1777) and Her Lundis)

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摘要(中)

瑪麗‧蝶黑瑟‧侯德‧苬佛涵（Marie-Thérèse Rodet Geoffrin，1699-1777）為十八世紀法國著名沙龍女主人。她在週一舉辦的知名沙龍──稱呼為Lundis──聚集許多藝術愛好者、藝術收藏家、畫家和雕刻家於其聖東洛黑街的宅邸。苬佛涵夫人同樣是位藝術贊助者，援助多位藝術家且委託數幅作品。她的「週一藝術沙龍」不但確保藝術家與上流社會藏家之間的接觸，同時確保了她自己的藝術委託。根據哈伯瑪斯的「公共領域」概念，苬氏另一於每週三接待眾多影響力的文哲和百科全書派人士的沙龍，可被視為一對立於宮廷和專制的「啟蒙沙龍」（“Enlightenment Salon”）。
但在本篇論文當中，筆者特別著重於苬氏在舊制時期（ancien régime）身為「沙龍女主人」（salonière）此一社會角色，以及沙龍機制如何運作。十九世紀，作家和評論家強調這位頗具影響力的沙龍女性是位布爾喬亞。然而，沙龍女主人諸如苬氏實則再次重申舊制時期的貴族制度，顯現文雅有禮有利於促進及調節智性方面的討論。我們可以從苬氏的沙龍觀察到舊政權貴族概念裡女性所應當扮演的社會和政治角色。如此一來，沙龍女主人躋身上流社會，甚至包括她對於藝術的興趣以及相關贊助活動，益發凸顯此一角色作為上層社會和中、下階級之間中介此等功能。

摘要(英)

Marie Thérèse Rodet Geoffrin (1699-1777) was a famous salonière in the eighteenth century France. One of her well-known salons which was held every Monday, called Lundis, was a gathering in her hôtel on the rue Saint-Honoré of amateurs, art collectors, painters, and sculptors. Madame Geoffrin was also a patron of art; she supported artists and commissioned many artworks. Her Lundis not only established the contact between talented artists and high society collectors, but also provided occasions for her own artwork commissions. According to Jürgen Habermas’ concept of a “public sphere”, Mme Geoffrin’s another salon, receiving the most influential philosophers and Encyclopédistes every Wednesday, could be seen as a kind of “Enlightenment Salons”, which was opposed to the court and absolutism.
In the present thesis, the author aims especially on Mme Geoffrin’s social role as salonière in the ancien régime, and how the sociability worked in the salon institution. In the nineteenth century, writers and critics emphasized that this most influential salonnière was of a bourgeois class. However, salonnière as Mme Geoffrin truly reaffirmed the aristocratic institution of the Old Regime, demonstrating that qualities of politeness and civility helped stimulate and regulate intellectual discussion. Mme Geoffrin’’s salons substantiated the aristocratic conception of the social and political role played by women of the Old Regime. Therefore, the actions she took to gain access to le monde, including her interests in art and her art patronage, demonstrated the role of salonière as mediator between the high society, the middle and lower classes.

關鍵字(中)

★ 苬佛涵夫人
★ 沙龍女主人
★ 沙龍
★ 法國
★ 十八世紀
★ 週一藝術沙龍
★ 藝術贊助

關鍵字(英)

★ Madame Geoffrin
★ salon
★ French
★ Eighteenth century
★ salonière
★ Lundis
★ art patronage

論文目次

摘要 i
Abstract ii
誌謝 iii
目錄 iv
緒論 1
0-1材料與研究現況 4
0-2章節架構 6
第一章作為新世代典範的沙龍女主人 10
1-1 苬佛涵夫人的生平 10
1-2 作為實體建築空間的沙龍 13
1-3 作為公共領域雛形的沙龍空間 16
1-3-1 十八世紀所謂「啟蒙沙龍」 16
1-3-2 沙龍女主人的社會功能 19
1-4作為貴族身分展演的沙龍文化 22
1-4-1 沙龍實踐與談話風格之轉變 23
1-4-2 所謂新世代的沙龍女性 26
1-5 小結 29
第二章苬佛涵夫人的藝術品味與身分認同 30
2-1苬佛涵夫人的藝術品味 32
2-2藝術委託與身分認同 40
2-2-1 五○年代中期的藝術委託 40
2-2-2 六○年代以後的藝術委託 45
2-3 小結 50
第三章苬佛涵夫人的週一藝術沙龍 51
3-1沙龍名聲與圖像描繪 52
3-2週一沙龍（Lundis） 55
3-3 人才事務所 59
3-4對於苬氏贊助的觀感 62
3-5 小結 68
結論 69
英文期刊 72
外文書目 73
中文書目 78
網路資源 79
【附錄一】 80
【附錄二】 84
【附錄三】 87
【圖版】 89

參考文獻

英文期刊
1. Barker, Emma, “Mme Geoffrin, Painting and Galanterie: Carle Van Loo’s Conversation Espagnole and Lecture Espagnole,” Eighteenth-Century Studies, vol. 40, no. 4 (2007): 587-614.
2. Goodman, Dena, “Filial Rebellion in the Salon: Madame Geoffrin and Her Daughter,” French Historical Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Spring, 1989): 28-47.
3. Goodman, Dena, “Enlightenment Salons: The Convergence of Female and Philosophic Ambitions,” Eighteenth-Century Studies, 22:3 (Spring, 1989): 329-50.
4. Goodman, Dena, “Public Sphere and Private Life: Toward a Synthesis of Current Historiographical Approaches to the Old Regime,” History and Theory, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Feb., 1992): 1-20.
5. Gordon, Daniel, “Philosophy, Sociology, and Gender in the Enlightenment Conception of Public Opinion,” French Historical Studies, Vol. 17, No. 4 (Autumn, 1992): 882-911.
6. Gordon-Smith, Maria, “Jean Pillement at the Court of King Stanisłaus August of Poland (1765-1767),” Artibues et Historiae, Vol. 26, No. 52 (2005), pp.129-163.
7. Hyde, Melissa, “Confounding Conventions: Gender Ambiguity and François Boucher’s Painted Pastorals,” Eignteenth-Century Studies, Vol. 30, No. 1 (Fall, 1996), pp. 25-57.
8. Jacoby, Beverly Schreiber, “Boucher’s Late Brown Chalk Composition Drawings,” Master Drawings, Vol. 30, No. 3 (Autumn, 1992): 255-286.
9. Kale, Steven D., “Women, the Public Sphere, and the Persistence of Salons,” French Historical Studies, Vol. 25, No. 1 (winter 2002): 115-148.
10. Lough, John, “Lemonnier’s ‘UNE SOIRÉE CHEZ MADAME GEOFFRIN EN 1755’,” French Studies, 45, no. 3 (1991): 268-78.
11. Scott, Barbara, "Madame Geoffrin: A Patron and Friend of Artists," Apollo Magazine, Vol. LXXXV, No. 60 (February, 1967): 98-103.

外文書目
1. Aldis, Janet, Madame Geoffrin Her Salon and Her Times, 1750-1777, Putnam, 1905.
2. France in Russia: Empress Josephine's Malmaison collection, [editors, Frank Althaus and Mark Sutcliffe], London: Fontanka; Courtauld Institute of Art; Hermitage Rooms at Somerset House, 2007.
3. Andrew, Edward, Patrons of Enlightenment, University of Toronto Press, 2006.
4. Bailey, Colin B., Patriotic Taste: Collecting Modern Art in Pre-Revolutionary Paris, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.
5. Bailey, Colin B., The age of Watteau, Chardin, and Fragonard: masterpieces of French genre painting, New Haven [Conn.]: Yale University Press in association with the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, 2003.
6. Boime, Albert, Art in age of Revolution, 1750-1800, University of Chicago Press, 1987.
7. Boucher, François, Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.), Detroit Institute of Arts, Réunion des musées nationaux (France), François Boucher, 1703-1770: the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, February 17, 1986-May 4, 1986, the Detroit Institute of Arts, May 27-August 17, 1986, Reunion des musées nationaux, Grand Palais, Paris, September 19, 1986-January 5, 1987, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1986.
8. Braham, Allan, The Architecture of the French Enlightenment, University of California Press, 1980.
9. Bryson, Norman, Word and Image: French painting of the Ancien Régime, Cambridge University Press, 1981.
10. Council, Greater London, The Iveagh Bequest; [catalogue by Philip Conisbee], Claude-Joseph Vernet, 1714-1789, London: The Council, 1976.
11. Chardin, Jean Baptiste Siméon, Rosenberg, Pierre, Galeries nationales du Grand Palais (France), Chardin, London: Royal Academy of Arts; New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, c2000.
12. Craveri, Benedetta, The Age of Conversation, New York Review Books, 2005.
13. Crow, Thomas, Painters and Public Life in Eighteenth-Century Paris, New York: Yale University Press. 1985.
14. Diderot, Denis, Regrets sur ma vieille robe de chambre ou avis à ceux qui ont plus de goût que de fortune, s.n., 1772.
15. Dilke, Lady Emilia Francis Strong, French painters of the XVIIIth century, G. Bell and Sons, 1899).
16. Fontanel, Béatrice, Daily Life in Art, Abrams, 2006.
17. Fried, Michael, Absorption and theatricality: painting and beholder in the age of Diderot, University of California Press, 1980.
18. Goldsmith, Elizabeth C., Goodman, Dena, Going public: women and publishing in early modern, Cornell University Press, 1995.
19. Gordon, Daniel, Citizens without sovereignty: equality and sociability in French thought, 1670-1789, Princeton University Press, 1994.
20. Ed. and translated by Goodman, John, Diderot on Art: The salon of 1765 and Notes on painting, Yale University Press, 1995.
21. Ed. and translated by Goodman, John, Diderot on Art: The salon of 1767, Yale University Press, 1995.
22. Goldsmith, Elizabeth C., Exclusive conversations: the art of interaction in seventeenth-century France, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988.
23. Goodman, Dena, The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment, Cornell University Press, 1996.
24. Goodman, Elise, The portraits of Madame de Pompadour: celebrating the femme savant, Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 2000.
25. Hamon, Maurice, Madame Geoffrin: Femme d'influence, femme d'affaires au temps des Lumières, Paris: Fayard, 2010.
26. Harth, Erica, Ideology and Culture in Seventeenth-Century France, Cornell University Press, 1983.
27. Herbst, Susan, Politics at the margin: historical studies of public expression outside the mainstream, Cambridge University Press, 1994.
28. Hyde, Melissa, Making Up the Rococo: François Boucher and His Critics, Getty Research Institute, 2006.
29. Irwon, David, Neoclassicism, London Phaidon, 1997.
30. Jones, Colin, Madame de Pompadour: Images of a Mistress, Yale University Press, 2002.
31. Johnson, Dorothy, Jacques-Louis David: New Perspectives, Newark [Del.]: University of Delaware Press, 2006.
32. Kale, Steven D., French salons: high society and political sociability from the Old Regime to the Revolution of 1848, JHU Press, 2004.
33. Kiefer, Carol Solomon, The Empress Josephine: art & royal identity, Mead Art Museum, Amherst College, 2005.
34. Landes, Joan B., Women and the public sphere in the age of the French Revolution, Cornell University Press, 1988.
35. Ledbury, Mark, Sedaine, Greuze and the boundaries of genre, Voltaire Foundation, 2000.
36. Lilti, Antoine, Le monde des salons: sociabilité et mondanité à Paris au XVIIIe siècle, Fayard, 2005.
37. Lougee, Carolyn C., Le Paradis des Femmes: Women, Salons, and Social Stratification in Seventeenth-Century France, Princeton University Press, 1976.
38. May, Gita, Elisabeth Vigée Le Brun: the odyssey of an artist in an age of revolution, Yale University Press, 2005.
39. Maza, Sarah, The Myth of the French Bourgeoisie: An Essay on the Social Imaginary, 1750-1850, Harvard University Press, 2005.
40. Morellet, André, Éloges de Madame Geoffrin: contemporaine de Madame Du Deffand, par MM. Morellet, Thomas et d'Alembert, suivis de lettres de Madame Geoffrin et à Madame Geoffrin : et d'un essai sur la conversation, etc., etc, Paris, H. Nicolle, Librarie Stéréotype , MDCCCXII, 1812.
41. André Morellet (1727-1819) in the Republic of Letters and the French Revolution, edited by Jeffrey Merrick, Dorothy Medlin, P. Lang, 1995.
42. Outram, Dorinda, The Enlightenment, Cambridge University Press, 1995.
43. Outram, Dorinda, Panorama of the Enlightenment, J. Paul Getty Museum, 2006.
44. Pardailhé-Galabrun, Annik, The birth of intimacy: privacy and domestic life in early modern Paris, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991.
45. Pekacz, Jolanta T., Conservative tradition in pre-revolutionary France: Parisian salon women, P. Lang, 1999.
46. Pomian, Krzysztof, Collectors and Curiosities: Paris and Venice, 1500-1800, Polity Press, 1990.
47. Rand, Richard, and Bianco, Juliette M., Intimate encounters: love and domesticity in eighteenth-century France, Princeton University Press, 1997.
48. Radisich, Paula Rea, Hubert Robert: Painted Spaces of the Enlightenment, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
49. Sainte-Beuve, C. A., Causeries du Lundi: April 1850-July 1850, London: George Routledge & Sons, Ltd, 19??, translated, with an introduction and notes, by E. J. Trechmann, Vol. III.
50. Schiebinger, Londa, The mind has no sex?: women in the origins of modern science, Harvard University Press, 1991.
51. Sheriff, Mary D., Fragonard: art and eroticism, University of Chicago Press, 1990.
52. Sheriff, Mary D., Moved by love: inspired artists and deviant women in eighteenth-century France, University of Chicago Press, 2004.
53. Sonenscher, Michael, Sans-Culottes: An eighteenth-century emblem in the French Revolution, Princeton University Press, 2008.
54. Stein, Perrin, Eighteenth-century French drawings in New York collections, New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1999.
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中文書目
1. 陳振堯，《法國文學史》，臺北市：天肯，1995。
2. 馬里伏（Pierre Carlet de Marivaux）著，林志芸譯，《馬里伏劇作精選--雙重背叛與愛情與偶然狂想曲》，台北市：聯經，2002。
3. 彭鏡禧主編，《解讀西洋經典》，台北市：聯經，2002。
4. 哈伯瑪斯（Jürgen Habermas）著，曹衛東等譯，《公共領域的結構轉型》，臺北市：聯經，2002。
5. 斐蓮娜‧封‧德‧海登-林許（Verena von der Heyden-Rynsch）著，張志成譯，《沙龍：失落的文化搖籃》，臺北新店：左岸文化，2003。

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吳方正(Fang-Cheng Wu)

審核日期

2011-7-20

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