| 摘要(英) |
Previous studies have demonstrated that changing between languages in
bilinguals incurred switching costs. Two models, the inhibitory control (IC) model
(Green, 1998) and the bilingual interactive activation (BIA) model (Grainger &
Dijkstra, 1992; van Heuven, Dijkstra & Grainger, 1998), have been proposed to
account for such costs. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the
language switching costs between one alphabetic (English) and one logographic
(Chinese) language are caused by a language-specific code as proposed in the BIA
model or by the general task schema as proposed by the IC model, or by the
mechanisms proposed by both the hypotheses. A masked priming paradigm was
adopted in two experiments with the prime duration in Experiment 1 and 2 to be
100 ms and 30 ms, respectively. Twenty unbalanced Chinese-English bilinguals were
recruited in each experiment. Following a prime in one of the three languages
(Chinese, English, and Korean), participants performed a semantic categorization
judgment on a Chinese or English target word. Event-related potentials (ERPs) that
were elicited by the target following a between-language, a within-language, or a nonlexical
(i.e., Korean) prime were recorded.
In Experiment 1, the English prime elicited a stronger N/P150 component of
the prime than the Chinese and Korean prime in both the Chinese and English target
blocks. Only the Korean prime that are unknown to participants elicited a stronger
N250 component of the prime in both target blocks. The code-switching effect was
detected in the ERP components after 250 ms from the target onset. Specifically, the
between language and the non-lexical conditions elicited a larger P325 component
than the within language conditions in both target blocks. Moreover, the English
iv
prime induced a larger N400 component of the Chinese target word than the Chinese
and the Korean prime, though the Chinese prime did not induce a larger N400
component of the English target than the English and then Korean prime.
In Experiment 2 when the prime was subliminal, the code-switching effect
was first revealed in the N1 component in showing more negative going waveforms in
the between-language conditions (i.e., English prime-Chinese target, Chinese prime-
English target) than in the within-language conditions (i.e., Chinese prime-Chinese
target, English prime-English target). In the time window of 170-290 ms after the
target onset, the Korean prime induced more positive going waveforms than the
English and the Chinese prime in the block of Chinese target words. In the block of
English target words, however, the English prime was more positive than the Korean
and the Chinese prime. The N250 code-switching effect was not found in both of the
target blocks. The N400 code-switching effect was revealed only in the block of
English target words in showing more negative ERP waveforms in the betweenlanguage
condition (i.e., Chinese prime-English target) than in the within-language
condition (i.e., English prime-English target).
Taken together, the code-switching effects found in Experiment 1 and 2 suggest that the language switching costs between one alphabetic and one logographic language might result from both the automatic modulation of the language-specific code during the visual word recognition process and the control of the general task schema. These effects occur at different stages of linguistic processing and are not mutually exclusive.
|
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