應用於行動LTE 上鏈SC-FDMA 系統之通道等化與資源分配演算法

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姓名

葉寰融(Huan-Jung Yeh) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

通訊工程學系

論文名稱

應用於行動LTE 上鏈SC-FDMA 系統之通道等化與資源分配演算法
(Channel Equalization and Resource Allocation for LTE Uplink SC-FDMA Systems in Mobile Radio Channels)

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摘要(中)

近年來，我們對於移動無線通訊中的傳輸量日益漸增。單載波分頻存取技術(SC-FDMA)由於它的傳輸功率效率可以有效的降低峰值平均功率比(PAPR)。本質上來說，單載波分頻存取(SC-FDMA)系統的傳輸架構類似於正交分頻多工存(OFDMA)系統，除了單載波分頻多工為在正交分頻多工系統前加上離散傅立葉轉換前置編碼的系統。因此，單載波分頻存取適用於上鏈多重存取技術，尤其對於下世代的無線通訊系統中電池的壽命是很重要的一環。在3GPP 通訊，長程演進（LTE）規格已將單載波分頻多重存取制定成下一代行動通訊系統上鏈傳輸之多重存取技術。
在本論文中我們提出兩種最小均方誤差(MMSE)等化器對於在長程演進上鏈單載波分頻多工系統都普勒效應(Doppler effect)所產生之子載波間干擾(ICI)去做補償。其中一種為多用戶最小均方誤差等化器(MU MMSE equalizer)，另一種為單一用戶最小均方誤差等化器(SU MMSE equalizer)。雖然多用戶最小均方誤差等化器可以達到較好的系統效能，但相對它需要更高的計算複雜度。相反的，單一用戶最小均方誤差等化器儘管在位元錯誤率會較差，但由於它利用子載波間干擾矩陣(ICI matrix)之帶限(band-limited)架構有效的降低計算複雜度。除此之外，我們提出一子載波間干擾消除與單一用戶最小均方誤差等化器結合並利用迭代(iterative)的方式，更進一步增進了位元錯誤率之效能。模擬結果也顯示出我們所提出方法可以有效的改善系統效能。在長程演進上鏈單載波分頻多工系統中，使用者之間的資源分配在移動的環境下會對位元錯誤率之效能造成影響。我們提出一個新的方法利用上層(upper-layer)的區塊資源分配(chunk resource allocation)有效的減緩子載波間干擾的影響。首先，我們根據使用者的子載波映射矩陣(subcarrier mapping matrices)去分析位元錯誤率，並利用我們所分析的結果去建構出一凸最佳化問題(convex optimization problem)去使得位元錯誤率最小化，並且找出最佳的資源分配矩陣藉由一整數的條件放寬。接著從最佳化問題中的結果提出兩種資源分配之演算法，一種為公平資源分配(Fair resource allocation)，另一種為激進資源分配 (Aggressive resource allocation)。而最後我們模擬結果可以看出，我們將適當的子載波分配給不同使用者，並利用我們所提出的演算法有效的克服了子載波間干擾的產生以及增進了元錯誤率之效能。

摘要(英)

The demand for high data rate wireless multimedia applications has been significantly increasing in mobile communication. Single-carrier frequency-division multiple access (SC-FDMA) is a promising and power-efficiency technique which allows for lower peak-to-average power ratio(PAPR). Essentially, the SC-FDMA system has a similar transmitter structure to the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing access (OFDMA) systems except that the information-bearing data symbols are pre-coded in frequency domain via a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) operation. Hence,it is suitable for uplink multiple access, especially when the issue of battery life represents a key concern in the next-generation wireless communication systems. In Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) community, the SC-FDMA has been selected as the multiple access scheme for uplink transmission in the long-term evolution (LTE) specifications.
In this thesis, we investigate two kinds of minimum mean square error (MMSE)-based equalizers to compensate for the inter-carrier interference (ICI), caused by the Doppler effect, in LTE uplink SC-FDMA systems. One is the multi-user (MU)-MMSE equalizer and the other is called single-user(SU)-MMSE equalizer. The MU-MMSE equalizer can achieve better performance, whereas it has higher computational complexity. Instead, the SU-MMSE equalizer applies the band-limited structure of the ICI matrix to effectively reduce the computation complexity although it might suffer from a slight performance degradation on bit error rate (BER). Besides, we also develop an iterative receiver by incorporating the ICI cancellation scheme into the SU-MMSE equalization scheme to enhance the BER performance. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can significantly improve the system performance.
In LTE uplink SC-FDMA system, the resource allocation among users will affect the BER performance in mobile radio environments. We introduce a novel idea to relieve the ICI effect from the upper-layer chunk resource allocation. First, we analyze the BER performance in terms of the users’
subcarrier mapping matrices, and formulate a convex optimization problem to minimize the BER by optimizing the resource allocation matrices through the integer constraint relaxation. Two resource allocation algorithms are then proposed to quantize the optimization results from the viewpoints of fair subcarrier allocation and aggressive subcarrier allocation. Simulation results demonstrate that with appropriate resource allocation among users, the proposed algorithms can effectively avoid severe ICI
from other users and thereby significantly improve the BER performance.

關鍵字(中)

★ 資源分配
★ 等化器
★ 第四代行動通訊

關鍵字(英)

★ LTE
★ SC-FDMA
★ resource allocation
★ ICI
★ Equalizer

論文目次

摘要 I
誌謝 V
目錄 VI
圖目錄 IX
表目錄 XI
第一章緒論 1
1.1研究動機與背景 1
1.2文獻探討 2
1.3論文架構 4
第二章行動無線通道特性 5
2.1通道模型 5
2.1.1大規模衰減(Large-scale Fading) 5
2.1.2小規模衰減(Small-scale Fading) 5
2.1.2.1時間延遲擴散(Time-delay Spread) 5
2.1.2.2都普勒擴散(Doppler Spread) 7
2.2同調頻寬(Coherent Bandwidth) 8
2.3頻率平緩衰減 (Frequency Flat Fading)及頻率選擇性衰減 (Frequency Selective Fading) 8
2.4多路徑衰減通道模型 9
2.5雷利衰減分佈 (Rayleigh Fading Channel Model) 10
2.6基頻通道數學模型(Baseband Channel Mathematical Model) 10
第三章系統模型 12
3.1單載波分頻存取技術(SC-FDMA) 12
3.2單載波分頻多工系統架構 13
第四章最小均方誤差(MMSE)等化器 16
4.1多用戶最小均方誤差等化器(Multi-user MMSE equalizer) 16
4.2單一用戶最小均方誤差等化器(Single-user MMSE equalizer) 17
4.3複雜度分析 19
第五章子載波間干擾(ICI)消除 21
5.1 子載波間干擾消除 21
第六章不同車速下用戶資源分配 25
6.1高低車速交錯分部 25
6.2高低車速區域分部 25
第七章雙時變衰減通道下之位元錯誤率分析 27
7.1成對錯誤機率(Pairwise Error Probality) 27
7.2分析與之歐式距離(Euclidean Distance) 29
7.3 分析條件成對錯誤機率(Conditional Pairwise Error Probability) 30
7.4位元錯誤率(Bit Error Rate) 31
第八章資源分配 32
8.1 分析 32
8.2最佳化問題(optimization problem) 32
8.3資源分配 35
8.3.1公平資源分配演算法(Fair resource allocation algorithm) 36
8.3.2激進資源分配演算法(Aggressive resource allocation algorithm) 37
8.4公平資源分配演算法 39
8.5激進資源分配演算法 41
第九章模擬結果與討論 43
9.1模擬係數(Simulation Parameters) 43
9.2多用戶最小均方誤差等化器對於不同子載波映射方法在不同車速下比較 44
9.3單一用戶最小均方誤差等化器對於不同車速分部在不同子載波映射方法比較 45
9.3.1單一用戶最小均方誤差等化器於正規化都普勒頻率為0.01 45
9.3.2單一用戶最小均方誤差等化器於正規化都普勒頻率為0.1 47
9.4多用戶與單一用戶最小均方誤差等化器之計算複雜度比較 48
9.5多用戶最小均方誤差等化器對於不同車速分部在不同子載波映射方法比較 50
9.6迭代決策回授子載波間干擾消除 51
9.7最佳化資源分配 53
第十章結論 56
參考文獻 57

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指導教授

古孟霖(Meng-Lin Ku)

審核日期

2012-8-10

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