自然斜坡土壤深度推估方法探討

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姓名

郭佳韋(Chia-Wei Kuo) 查詢紙本館藏

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應用地質研究所

論文名稱

自然斜坡土壤深度推估方法探討
(Estimation of Soil Depth on Natural Slope)

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摘要(中)

土壤深度為預測淺層山崩的定值分析法中重要參數之一，也與淺層山崩崩塌量的估測密切相關。本研究以石門水庫集水區為例，建立自然斜坡土壤深度推估經驗式，並利用手動螺旋鑽進行野外調查量測土壤深度。本研究調查點選在單純由土壤生成作用及側向的擴散作用所形成之自然斜坡上，避開平地、河床、河階、崩塌地、侵蝕溝及人工開挖回填之坡地。除了土壤深度量測，坡度及坡向也將一併紀錄，而地形曲率、濕度指數及岩性則透過DTM 計算及地質圖取得。將土壤深度與影響因子進行統計迴歸分析建立石門水庫集水區土壤深度推估經驗式，並以R2 值、殘差分析及誤差均方根來評估不同的因子組合及不同迴歸模型所得推估經驗式之適切性。結果顯示以採用多變量迴歸方法，並以坡度百分比、地形曲率、濕度指數、坡向及岩性為因子，所得之評估結果最佳，其R2 值高達0.91，殘差落在±0.2m 以內的資料組數為75 組（占資料總數90%），殘差值之標準差為0.14m，誤差均方根為0.14m。而只以坡度百分比為因子之單變量迴歸亦有不錯結果，其R2 值達0.82，殘差落在±0.2m 以內的資料組數為56 組（占資料總數67%），殘差值之標準差為0.22m，誤差均方根為0.22m。

摘要(英)

Soil depth is an important factor in the physical based method of the prediction of shallow landslides. It is also critical in the estimation of the shallow landslide volume. This reaserch selected the Shihmen Reservoir catchment area as a study area to develop empirical fomulas for estimation of soil depth on natural slope. By using field obvervation and hand auger, I performed the investigation of soil depth at several test sites. The measurement spots were selected on natural slope, which are formed by soil production and
modified by mild slope processes, avoiding falts, river banks, river terraces, collapeses, gullies, and artificial slopes. Accompany the depth measurement, coordinate as well as slope gradient and aspect at the spot were also measured
and recorded. Terrain curvature, wetness indexe and lithology at a spot are then reduced from DTM and gelogical map, and put together for use. Regression analysis of soil depth and controlling factors is performed in order to build an empirical estimation model of soil depth at Shihmen Reservoir catchment. Different combinations of factors and form were testd in the study, and R2 value, residual analysis and root mean square of error were used to evaluate the appropriateness of an empirical estimate model. Result reveals that the best estimate is the mutiple regression using slope gradinet, terrain curveture, wetness indexe, slope aspect, and lithology as factors; the R2 value is 0.91, the residual value of 75 data (90% of all data) are within ±0.2m, the standard deviation of residual is 0.137m, and the root mean square of error is 0.14m. A simple formula using only slope gradient is also recommended; the R2 value is 0.82, the residual value of 56 data (67% of all data) are within ±0.2m, the standard deviation of residual is 0.218m, and the root mean square of error is 0.22m.

關鍵字(中)

★ 自然斜坡
★ 土壤深度
★ 迴歸分析

關鍵字(英)

★ Natural Slope
★ Soil depth
★ Regression analysis

論文目次

中文摘要....................................................I
英文摘要...................................................II
致謝.......................................................III
目錄........................................................IV
圖目...................................................................................................................VII
表目....................................................................................................................XI
第一章緒論......................................................................................................1
1.1 研究動機與目的.................................................................................1
1.2 文獻回顧.............................................................................................2
1.2.1 土壤深度與地形屬性之關連................................................2
1.2.2 土壤深度推估之相關研究....................................................2
1.3 研究架構與流程...............................................................................12
第二章研究方法............................................................................................14
2.1 野外調查...........................................................................................14
2.1.1 調查點位置選定原則..........................................................14
2.1.2 調查深度及土壤定義..........................................................14
2.1.3 土壤深度量測方法..............................................................16
2.1.4 坡度與坡向量測方法..........................................................20
2.2 室內資料分析...................................................................................22
2.2.1 地形曲率計算......................................................................22
2.2.2 濕度指數計算......................................................................24
2.2.3 岩性分類..............................................................................25
2.3 統計迴歸分析...................................................................................26
2.4 評估方式...........................................................................................27
V
2.4.1 決定係數R2 值......................................................................27
2.4.2 殘差分析................................................................................27
2.4.3 誤差均方根............................................................................27
第三章研究區域與資料蒐集........................................................................28
3.1 研究區域...........................................................................................28
3.1.1 位置與交通..........................................................................28
3.1.2 地理與地形..........................................................................28
3.1.3 氣候與水文..........................................................................29
3.1.4 地質與構造..........................................................................31
3.2 資料蒐集...........................................................................................38
3.2.1 基本資料收集......................................................................38
3.2.2 野外調查點資料..................................................................39
第四章研究成果............................................................................................40
4.1 野外調查點分佈...............................................................................40
4.2 土壤深度推估經驗式.......................................................................47
4.2.1 單變量迴歸..........................................................................47
4.1.2 多變量迴歸..........................................................................51
4.3 迴歸結果評估...................................................................................54
4.3.1 殘差分析................................................................................54
4.3.2 誤差均方根............................................................................70
4.3.3 評估結果彙整...................................................................... .71
4.4 土壤深度空間分佈圖.......................................................................73
第五章討論....................................................................................................77
5.1 土壤深度相關因子探討...................................................................77
5.2 土壤深度推估經驗式探討...............................................................80
5.3 野外量測坡度與DTM 檢核坡度推估結果之差異........................81
5.4 與前人研究之比較探討...................................................................85
VI
第六章結論與建議........................................................................................88
6.1 結論...................................................................................................88
6.2 建議...................................................................................................89
參考文獻............................................................................................................90
附錄A 野外現地調查紀錄............................................................................95
附錄B 各調查點所對應之因子值..............................................................138
附錄C 野外調查點套疊1/5000 正射航照.................................................145

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指導教授

李錫堤(Chyi-Tyi Lee)

審核日期

2013-7-29

推文