| dc.description.abstract | The influences of surface layer physics schemes on tropical cyclone intensity and structure are investigated using the WRF 4.5.1 model with high resolution to simulate Typhoon Rai (2021). Numerical experiments are designed with three surface layer physics schemes including revised MM5 Scheme (MM5), Eta similarity scheme (CTL), and Mellor–Yamada-Nakanishi-Niino scheme (MYNN). The impact of surface layer physics schemes has been investigated through the simulated characteristics of the surface layer, planetary boundary layer, and typhoon circulation. The results show that surface layer physics schemes strongly affected typhoon intensity but barely affected typhoon track. With the highest correlation coefficient and smallest bias and root mean square error between the simulated CTL and best track compared to MM5 and MYNN, the intensity of CTL is closest to JMA. At the surface layer, relatively higher surface wind speed, friction velocity, enthalpy exchange coefficients, surface fluxes of heat and moisture, and water vapor mixing ratio are found in CTL, followed by MM5 and MYNN. The findings also demonstrate that simulated structures, such as primary and secondary circulation, potential temperature, boundary layer heights, warm-core structure, and angular momentum are substantially impacted by surface layer physics schemes, and CTL produces larger magnitudes than MM5 and MYNN. By using the Sawyer-Eliassen equation to analyze the contributing forcing components, it is shown that diabatic heating plays a major role in the induced secondary circulation associated with Rai. | en_US |