| dc.description.abstract | After the May Fourth Movement, various movements kept streaming in from overseas; thus Zhang Wentian (Luo Fu) gradually became a Marxist through the enlightenment of modern democratic ideas, and decided to join the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). In 1925, Zhang Wentian was sent by the CCP to study abroad at Moscow Sun Yatsen University in Russia, which allowed him to experience a series of political conflicts, and was categorized as one of the Twenty-eight and a half Bolsheviks, the same faction that included Wang Ming.
Meanwhile, due to the failure of the Lisan Line within the nation, the Communist International intended to cultivate students studying in Russia to enter the leading core of the CCP during the Fourth Plenum of Sixth Central Committee, and thereafter Zhang Wentian began to ascend in the CCP. With the Kuomintang (KMT) forces attacking from all sides, the central leading institute of the CCP in Shanghai was forced to relocate. In 1933, it was determined to transfer temporary central authority to the Soviet Region. Due to suppression from Mao Zedong’s forces, Zhang Wentian and Qin Bangxian (Bo Gu) jointly initiated the Anti-Luo Ming Line.
After the Fujian Incident, serious disputes occurred between the two; furthermore, Qin Bangxian attempted to edge out Zhang Wentian by using his authority, thereby resulting in the Bo (Gu)-Luo (Fu) Conflict. Mao Zedong took the opportunity of the Bo-Luo Conflict to draw Zhang Wentian closer to form the Mao-Luo Collaboration, and proposed to alter the central leading structure during the Zunyi Meeting. The central leading core of the CCP was reconstructed, with Zhang Wentian taking over Qin Bangxian’s position to act as the highest central leader of the CCP, while Mao Zedong regained control over the military.
After the Red Army ended the long battle and settled down in the Soviet Region in Shanbei, Zhang Wentian decided to issue the Wayaobu Manifesto for two reasons. The first was to convey instructions from the Communist International brought back by Zhang Hao; the second was to establish the Anti-Japanese National United Front in order to fight back the constant attacks from Japan on China. At the same time, in order to reduce the military pressure of the Red Army in the Soviet Region in Shanbei, active attacks were taken towards the Northeast Army and the Northwest Army. With the occurrence of the Xi’’an Incident, the CCP decided to follow the instructions of the Communist International, and resolve the Xi’’an Incident peacefully. Then with the outburst of the Lugouqiao Incident, the CCP and the KMT once again worked together to form the second cooperation due to aggressive attacks by the Japanese army on China; thus the CCP became the biggest winner of the Xi’’an Incident.
In 1938, Wang Jiaxiang brought back instructions from the Communist International, which forced Zhang Wentian to hand over political power to Mao Zedong; thus the collaborative relationship between Zhang Wentian and Mao Zedong deteriorated drastically. In order to unify factions within the party, Mao Zedong believed that officials in Russia, including Zhang Wentian, who were in control of the ideology of CCP were the greatest obstacles preventing him from becoming the highest leader within the CCP; therefore he initiated the Yan’’an Rectification Movement to breakdown the officials in Russia. In 1945, the CCP called the 7th Party Congress, where all of Mao Zedong’s past political competitors bowed down before him in front of the entire Party; even Zhang Wentian engaged in acts of introspection, self-criticism, repentance and reform, all on obeisance of Mao Zedong. Even though Zhang Wentian used to be the highest leader of the CCP, in fact, he was merely playing the role of an empty sovereign; he was always just a chess piece for Mao Zedong.
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