摘要(英) |
This paper makes an attempt to estimate the influence of a variety of innovative activities on firm’s performance. Utilizing a rich manufacturing firm-level dataset of Taiwan electronic industry in 2011, the main objective of this paper is to investigate direct and indirect effects of in-house R&D and technology transfer on labor productivity. First of all, this paper addresses previous related literatures that are conducive to build a conceptual framework of innovations and to structure two consequential models of the study. In addition, some control variables are added into both models for mitigating potential endogenous effects that may arise from firm or industry specific characteristics. The first one is to capture the roles of relevant factors in determining R&D expenditure of a firm. Based on Tobit method, there is evidence of an inverse U-shaped relation between firm size and R&D expenditure. The optimum (satiation) point does exist, which may support Schumpeterian hypothesis. Otherwise, brand, exporting and technology transfer are positively related to R&D expenditure other than FDI. And the second model is to examine the impact of R&D, technology transfer and on-the-job training on labor productivity by classifying all observations with ownership, export activity and four-digit industry. Based on OLS method, the empirical results indicate that, except foreign technology, R&D, domestic technology and on-the-job training are found to be positively related to firm performance as measured by labor productivity, but the interactive effect of R&D and domestic technology on labor productivity is negative. For the latter, it’s interesting to ascertain if R&D really substitutes for the domestic technology. A noteworthy overcome is that R&D and technology transfer cannot facilitate labor productivity of FIEs, while on-the-job training is also unable to raise that of exporters, although FDI and export activity are generally known as important ways to acquire foreign tech-knowledge. Nevertheless, firms in various scientific sectors seem to have distinct innovative characteristics and propensity in terms of increasing labor productivity. |
參考文獻 |
Antonioli, D., M. Mazzanti, and P. Pini. 2010. “Productivity, Innovation Strategies and Industrial Relations in SMEs. Empirical Evidence for a Local Production System in Northern Italy.” International Review of Applied Economics, 24(4): 453–482.
Aw, B. Y., and G. Batra. 1998. “Technological Capability and Firm Efficiency in Taiwan (China).” The World Bank Economic Review, 12(1): 59–79.
Basant, R., and B. Fikkert. 1996. “The Effects of R&D, Foreign Technology Purchase, Domestic and International Spillovers on Productivity in Indian Firms.” The Review of Economics and Statistics, 78(2): 187–199.
Chang, P. L., C. Shin, and C. W. Hsu. 1999. “Taiwan’s Approach to Technological Change: The Case of Integrated Circuit Design.” Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 5(2): 173–177.
Cohen, W. M., and D. A. Levinthal. 1989. “Innovation and Learning: The Two Faces of R&D.” The Economic Journal, 99(397): 569–596.
Deolalikar, A. B., and R. E. Evenson. 1989. “Technology Production and Technology Purchase in Indian Industry: An Econometric Analysis.” Review of Economics and Statistics, 71(4): 687–692.
Doraszelski, U., and J. Jaumandreu. 2013. “R&D and Productivity: Estimating Endogenous Productivity.” Review of Economic Studies, 80(4): 1338–1383.
Foss, N. J. 2005. Strategy, Economic Organization, and the Knowledge Economy. The Coordination of Firms and Resources. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gartner. 2016. “Worldwide Semiconductor Foundry Market Grew 4.4 Percent in 2015, According to Final Results by Gartner.” http://www.gartner.com/newsroom (accessed October 4, 2017).
Goldar, B. N., and V. S. Ranganathan. 1997. “Economic Reforms and R&D Expenditure in Industrial Firms in India.” National Institute of Public Finance and Policy Working Paper No.1.
Goto, A., and K. Suzuki. 1989. “R&D Capital, Rate of Return on R&D Investment and Spillover of R&D in Japanese Manufacturing Industries.” Review of Economics and Statistics, 71(4): 555–564.
Griffin, A., and A. L. Page. 1996. “PDMA Success Measurement Project: Recommended Measures for Product Development Success and Failure.” Journal of Product Innovation Management, 13(6): 478–496.
Griffith, R., E. Huergo, J. Mairesse, and B. Peters. 2006. “Innovation and Productivity across Four European Countries.” Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 22(4): 483–498.
Griffith, R., S. Redding and J. Van Reenen. 2004. “Mapping the Two Faces of R&D: Productivity Growth in a Panel of OECD Industries.” Review of Economics and Statistics, 86(4): 883–895.
Griliches, Z., and J. Mairesse. 1990. “R&D and Productivity Growth: Comparing Japanese and American Manufacturing Firms.” In Productivity Growth in Japan and the United States, ed. C. R. Hulten, 317–348. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hasan, R. 2002. “The Impact of Imported and Domestic Technologies on the Productivity of Firms: Panel Data Evidence from Indian Manufacturing Firms.” Journal of Development Economics, 69(1): 23–49.
Hu, A. G. Z., G. H. Jefferson, and Q. Jinchang. 2005. “R&D and Technology Transfer: Firm-Level Evidence from Chinese Industry.” Review of Economic and Statistics, 87(4): 780–786.
Huang, C. J., and J. T. Liu. 1994. “Estimation of a Non-neutral Stochastic Frontier Production Function.” Journal of Productivity Analysis, 5(2): 171–180.
IC Insights. 2016. “Taiwan Passes South Korea to Become #1 in Total IC Wafer Fab Capacity.” http://www.icinsights.com/news/bulletins (accessed October 4, 2017).
IC Insights. 2016. “U.S. Companies Continue to Capture Bulk of IDM and Fabless IC Sales.” http://www.icinsights.com/news/bulletins (accessed October 4, 2017).
Jaffe, A. B. 1986. “Technological Opportunity and Spillovers of R&D: Evidence from Firms’ Patents, Profits, and Market Value.” American Economic Review, 76(5): 984–1001.
Keizer, J. A., L. Dijkstra, and J. Halman. 2002. “Explaining Innovative Efforts of SMEs.: An Exploratory Survey among SMEs in the Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Sector in Netherlands.” Technovation, 22(1): 1–13.
Klette, T.J., and Z. Griliches. 1996. “The Inconsistency of Common Scale Estimators when Output Prices are Unobserved and Endogenous.” Journal of Applied Econometrics, 11(4): 343-361.
Kumar, N. 1987. “Technology Imports and Local Research and Development in Indian Manufacturing.” The Developing Economies, 25(3): 220–233.
Osborne, A. 1998. “Measuring Intellectual Capital: The Real Value of Company.” Ohio CPA Journal, 57(4): 37–38.
Ray, A. S., and S. Bhaduri. 2001. “R&D and Technology Learning in Indian Industry: Econometric Estimation of the Research Production Function.” Oxford Development Studies, 29(2): 155–171.
Scherer, F. M. 1965. “Firm Size, Market Structure, Opportunity, and the Output of Patented Inventions.” The American Economic Review, 55(5): 1097–1125.
Sharma, C. 2016. “R&D, Technology Transfer and Productivity in the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry.” International Journal of Innovation Management, 20(1): 1650010 1–24.
Sher, J. S., and P. Y. Yang. 2005. “The Effects of Innovative Capabilities and R&D Clustering on Firm Performance: The Evidence of Taiwan’s Semiconductor Industry.” Technovation, 25(1): 33–43.
Stock, G. N., N. P. Greis, and W. A. Fischer. 2001. “Absorptive Capacity and New Product Development.” Journal of High Technology Management Research, 12(1): 77–91.
Tsai, K. H., and J. C. Wang. 2004. “The R&D Performance in Taiwan′s Electronics Industry: A Longitudinal Examination.” R&D Management, 34(2): 179–189.
Tseng, C. Y. 2008. “Internal R&D Effort, External Imported Technology and Economic Value Added: Empirical Study of Taiwan′s Electronic Industry.” Applied Economics, 40(8): 1073–1085.
Tsou, M. W., J. T. Liu, J. K. Hammitt, and K. H. Wang. 2008.“Exporting and Productivity Growth: Evidence from the Taiwan Electronic Plants.” Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 55(2): 190–209.
Zwick, T. 2005. “Continuing Vocational Training Form and Establishment Productivity in Germany.” German Economic Review, 6(2): 155–184.
國家實驗研究院科技政策研究與資訊中心-科技產業資訊(2014),《台灣企業IP智財權利金(技術交易)收支 2012年55.3億美金》,2017年10月5日取自於:http://iknow.stpi.narl.org.tw/post/Read.aspx?PostID=9289
廖振盛(2015),「台灣半導體產業研發活動、技術效率與規模效率之研究」,《高雄應用科技大學人文與社會科學學刊》,1(1):39–48。
楊志海與陳忠榮(2002),「研究發展,專利與生產力—台灣製造業的實證研究」,《經濟論文叢刊》,30(1):458–469。
經濟部統計處(2016),《產業經濟統計簡訊235期:104年晶圓代工產值年增9.7%,帶動積體電路業全年產值續登歷史最高峰》,台北:經濟部統計處。
經濟部統計處(2016),《產業經濟統計簡訊276期:我國研發經費突破5千億元,佔GDP比重升至3.05%》,台北:經濟部統計處。 |