Crustal Seismicity of the eastern Hellenic volcanic arc: Its relationship with active faulting and volcanic centers

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論文名稱

(Crustal Seismicity of the eastern Hellenic volcanic arc: Its relationship with active faulting and volcanic centers)

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摘要(中)

愛琴海下方非洲板塊的隱沒形成了希臘隱沒帶和火山弧，控制著愛琴海南部的地震活動，包括愛琴海東南部和聖托里尼-阿莫爾戈斯帶。由於存在活動斷層和各種變形地形，這些地區還受到非洲板塊回滾引起的伸展變形的影響。因此，此論文旨在確定這些活動斷層和火山中心如何塑造觀測到的地殼地震活動。由於這些地區發生了中大型地殼地震（Mw>6），我們還對繪製的活動斷層的潛勢進行了評估。
2002年到2020年間，被臨時和永久地震測震網所記錄的地震運動，我們藉著最小一維速度模型重新定位，以獲得精確的相對位置。在愛琴海東南部，這些位置能夠描繪出大部分活動斷層。另一方面，沿聖托里尼-阿莫爾戈斯帶重新定位的地震活動只能描繪出八個活動斷層中的三個，表示這些活動可能不僅僅是由活動斷層引起的。相反地，重新定位的地震分佈也告訴了我們安德羅斯島和聖托里尼-阿莫爾戈斯東北部段下方的兩個垂直地震群，可能是向上遷移流體的通道。
岩石物理參數的側向分佈和全矩張量解後來被用來確定地殼地震活動與沿聖托里尼-阿莫爾戈斯帶的流體之間的關係。在垂直地震群位置發現的高 Vp/Vs 比 (1.77-1.86)、裂縫密度 (0.15-0.30) 和流體飽和度 (0.71-0.76) 顯示存在流體並加強了這些結構確實可能存在的可能性與向上的流體遷移有關。發生在 Kolumbo 海底火山和 Anydros 島下方的微地震，藉由 P 波極性和 SV/P、SH/P 振幅比的矩張量反演，指出指出矩張量解和非雙耦合有正相關分量。這暗示微地震可能是由流體運移過程中裂縫的開合所產生的拉伸斷層引起的。
地震危害度評估是通過利用考慮了孕震層厚度的經驗關係來估計每個活動斷層的預期地震規模來進行的。研究區發孕層厚度為12.1~15.4km。兩個地區斷層未來地震的預期的地震矩規模在5.9-7.2之間。由於這些斷層大多位於外海，由這些外海斷層中的任何一個破裂引起的主震都可能伴隨著海嘯。

摘要(英)

The subduction of the African plate beneath the Aegean has formed the Hellenic subduction zone that controls the seismicity across the southern Aegean, including SE Aegean and the Santorini-Amorgos zone. These areas are also affected by extensional deformation due to the slab rollback of the African lithosphere that is evidenced by the existence of active faults and a variety of deforming terrains. Therefore, this thesis aims to determine how these active faults and volcanic centers shape the observed crustal seismicity. Since moderate to large crustal earthquakes (Mw>6) have occurred previously in these areas, this thesis also assesses the potential seismic hazard with respect to the mapped active faults.
The crustal events recorded by temporary and permanent seismic networks from 2002 to 2020 were relocated by using minimum 1D velocity models to obtain precise relative locations. In SE Aegean, these locations were able to delineate most of the active faults. On the other hand, the relocated crustal events along the Santorini-Amorgos zone could only delineate three out of eight active faults, indicating that these events may not be caused solely by active faulting. Instead, the relocated crustal events revealed two vertical clusters of earthquake beneath the island of Anydros and the NE segment of Santorini-Amorgos that may be pathways of upward migrating fluids.
Lateral distributions of petrophysical parameters and full moment tensor solutions for the well-constrained events were later used to determine the relationship between crustal seismicity and fluids along the Santorini-Amorgos zone. High Vp/Vs ratios (1.77-1.86), crack density (0.15-0.30), and fluid saturation (0.71-0.76) found at the locations of the vertical earthquake clusters indicate the existence of fluids and strengthened the possibility that these structures may indeed be related to upward fluid migration. The moment tensor inversion of P-wave polarities and SV/P, SH/P amplitude ratios for microearthquakes that occurred beneath Kolumbo submarine volcano and Anydros island resulted in moment tensor solutions with positively correlated non-DC components. This signifies that the microearthquakes may be caused by tensile faulting generated by the opening and closing of cracks during the fluid migration.
The seismic hazard assessment was performed by utilizing empirical relationships that take into account the seismogenic layer thickness to estimate expected earthquake magnitude of each active fault. The seismogenic layer thickness of the study areas is ranging from 12.1 km to 15.4 km. Expected moment magnitudes of future earthquakes of the faults in both areas vary between 5.9-7.2. Since these faults are mostly located offshore, a mainshock caused by the rupture of any of these offshore faults may be followed by a tsunami.

關鍵字(中)

★ 愛琴海
★ 地殼地震
★ 流體
★ 矩張量
★ 地震危險

關鍵字(英)

★ Aegean
★ crustal earthquake
★ fluids
★ moment tensor
★ seismic hazard

論文目次

摘要 i
ABSTRACT ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES xi
CHAPTER I : A REVIEW OF SEISMOTECTONICS OF THE SOUTHERN AEGEAN 1
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. The SE Aegean 2
1.2.1. Tectonic setting of the SE Aegean 2
1.2.2. Seismicity distribution 2
1.2.3. Nisyros-Kos-Yali volcanic complex 3
1.3. The Santorini-Amorgos zone 3
1.3.1. Tectonic setting of the Santorini-Amorgos zone 3
1.3.2. Seismicity distribution 4
1.3.3. Santorini caldera 4
1.3.4. Kolumbo submarine volcano 5
1.4. Aims of this thesis 6
1.5. Summary and structure of the thesis 7
CHAPTER II : SEISMIC NETWORKS 16
2.1. Introduction 16
2.2. CYCNET 16
2.3. EGELADOS 16
2.4. HUSN 17
2.5. KOERI 17
CHAPTER III : ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE LOCATIONS OF CRUSTAL EARTHQUAKES 22
3.1. Introduction 22
3.2. Data description 22
3.3. Minimum 1D velocity model of SE Aegean 23
3.3.1. Inversion methodology 23
3.3.2. Results 24
3.3.3. Robustness tests 25
3.4. Crustal earthquake locations 26
3.4.1. Estimation of absolute location 26
3.4.1.1. The NonLinLoc package 26
3.4.1.2. Methodology and parameterization 27
3.4.1.3. Results 27
3.4.2. Estimation of precise relative locations 29
3.4.2.1. The double difference algorithm (HypoDD) 29
3.4.2.2. Methodology and parameterization 30
3.4.2.3. Results for SE Aegean 32
3.4.2.4. Results for the Santorini-Amorgos zone 34
CHAPTER IV : CRUSTAL SEISMICITY AND FLUIDS ALONG THE SANTORINI-AMORGOS ZONE 63
4.1. Introduction 63
4.2. Rock properties of the Santorini-Amorgos zone 63
4.2.1. Estimation of Vp/Vs ratio 63
4.2.2. Estimation of crack density and fluid saturation 65
4.2.3. Results 66
4.3. Moment tensor inversion of microearthquakes 67
4.3.1. Data preprocessing 67
4.3.1.1. Seismogram rotation and filtering 67
4.3.1.2. Attenuation correction 68
4.3.1.3. Free-surface effects correction 68
4.3.2. Inversion methodology 70
4.3.3. Stability of the moment tensor solutions 71
4.3.4. Characteristics of the moment tensor solutions 72
4.3.5. Results 74
4.3.5.1. Kolumbo submarine volcano 74
4.3.5.2. Anydros island 74
CHAPTER V : ACTIVE FAULTS, SEISMOGENIC LAYER THICKNESS, AND SEISMIC HAZARD 86
5.1. Introduction 86
5.2. Seismogenic layer thickness and expected magnitudes 86
5.3. Results 87
5.3.1. Active faults in SE Aegean 87
5.3.1.1. Fault segments along the Gulf of Gökova 88
5.3.1.2. Hisarönü and Kos faults 89
5.3.1.3. Fault segments around Nisyros 89
5.3.1.4. Fault segments around Karpathos 90
5.3.2. Active faults in the Santorini-Amorgos zone 91
5.3.2.1. Ios and Anydros faults 92
5.3.2.2. Amorgos and Santorini-Amorgos faults 92
5.3.2.3. Anafi and west Astypalaia faults 94
5.3.2.4. Levitha and east Astypalaia faults 95
CHAPTER VI : DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 101
6.1. Crustal seismicity distribution 101
6.1.1. SE Aegean 101
6.1.2. The Santorini-Amorgos zone 102
6.2. Fluids and crustal seismicity along the Santorini-Amorgos zone 103
6.2.1. Lateral distribution of fluids 103
6.2.2. Kolumbo submarine volcano 104
6.2.3. Anydros island 105
6.3. Estimation of the potential seismic hazard 106
6.4. Limitations of current work 107
6.5. Suggestions for future work 108
6.6. Conclusions 109
REFERENCES 116
APPENDIX A 126
APPENDIX B 131
APPENDIX C 145
APPENDIX D 189

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指導教授

K. I. Konstantinou

審核日期

2022-1-24

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