Measurement of Carbon Fluxes as Function of Geomagnetic Latitude and Observation of Z>2 Trapped Nuclei in the South Atlantic Anomaly with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station

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李瑪莎(Martha Liliana Valencia Otero) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

物理學系

論文名稱

(Measurement of Carbon Fluxes as Function of Geomagnetic Latitude and Observation of Z>2 Trapped Nuclei in the South Atlantic Anomaly with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station)

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摘要(中)

自1912年維克托·赫斯（Victor Hess）的發現以來，宇宙射線的探測在推動我們理解其起源、傳播以及加速機制方面發揮了重要作用。多年來，宇宙射線研究在粒子物理學和天體物理學領域中扮演了關鍵角色，也對太陽圈的研究作出了重要貢獻。宇宙射線在研究太陽調節引起的時間通量變化、粒子在地球磁層中的傳播，以及諸如范艾倫輻射帶或南大西洋異常區（SAA）等地球磁場結構方面有著重要的意義。

阿爾法磁譜儀（AMS-02）是一個安裝在國際空間站（ISS）上的高能物理實驗裝置。自2011年安裝以來，AMS-02一直持續運行，收集宇宙射線事件數據，從而測量宇宙射線的性質和通量。AMS合作團隊已經發布了銀河系宇宙射線（GCR）不同種類原子核的通量測量結果，以及部分原子核隨時間變化的數據。

在本論文中，我們展示了碳作為地磁緯度函數的測量結果。特別是，研究地磁剛度截止以下的碳能譜，發現了一群位於SAA北部區域的Z > 2的被俘獲原子核。這項研究首次觀察到了比氦更重的被俘獲原子核，最重至氖，剛度範圍從1GV到5GV。

摘要(英)

Since its discovery by Victor Hess in 1912, the detection of cosmic rays has been instru-
mental in advancing our understanding of their origin, propagation, and acceleration
mechanisms throughout the galaxy. Over the years, cosmic ray research has played
a crucial role not only in particle physics and astrophysics but also in heliospheric
studies. Cosmic rays significantly contribute to the study of temporal flux variations
due to solar modulation, particle propagation in the Earth’s magnetosphere, and geo-
magnetic field structures such as the Van Allen radiation belts or the South Atlantic
Anomaly (SAA).
The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02) is a high-energy physics experiment
onboard the International Space Station (ISS). Since its installation in 2011, AMS-02
has been continuously operating, collecting cosmic ray events data that allows the
measurement of CRs properties and fluxes. The AMS collaboration has presented the
flux measurement of Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) nuclei of various species, as well as
the temporal variation of a few of them. In this thesis, we present the measurement of
carbon as a function of geomagnetic latitude. In particular, the study of the carbon
spectra below the geomagnetic rigidity cut-off has led to the identification of a popu-
lation of Z>2 trapped nuclei in the northern region of the SAA. This study represents
a first-time observation of trapped nuclei heavier than Helium extending up to Neon,
with rigidities above 1GV and up to 5GV.

關鍵字(中)

★ 碳通量
★ 地磁緯度
★ 被俘獲原子核
★ 南大西洋異常區

關鍵字(英)

★ Carbon Flux
★ Geomagnetic Latitude
★ Trapped Nuclei
★ South Atlantic Anomaly

論文目次

Abstract. . . . . . iv
摘要. . . . . . . . . v
Acknowledgements. . . vi
1 Cosmic Rays 1
1.1 A Brief History of Cosmic Rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Cosmic Ray Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.1 Cosmic Ray Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.2 The Spectrum of Cosmic Rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.3 Composition of Cosmic Rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 From Data to Cosmic Ray Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.1 Cosmic Ray Propagation in the Galaxy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.2 Acceleration of Cosmic Rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.3 Origin of Cosmic Rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2 Cosmic Ray Propagation in the Earth’s Magnetic Field 16
2.1 Solar Activity and Solar Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2 The Earth’s Magnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2.1 Magnetosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2.2 The Earth’s Radiation Belts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3 Representation of the Geomagnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3.1 The Dipole Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3.2 External current systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4 Particle’s Motion in the Earth’s Magnetic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.5 The Adiabatic Invariants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.5.1 The First Adiabatic Invariant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.5.2 The Second Adiabatic Invariant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.5.3 The Third Adiabatic Invariant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.5.4 The L-shell value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
v
3 The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 36
3.1 The AMS-02 layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.1.1 The Permanent Magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.1.2 The Silicon Tracker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.1.3 The Anti-coincidence Counters (ACC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.1.4 The Time of Flight (TOF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.1.5 The Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.1.6 The Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detector (RICH) . . . . . . . . . 48
3.1.7 The Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.2 The AMS-02 Trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2.1 Fast Trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.2.2 Level 1 Trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.3 The AMS-02 Operations in Orbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.3.1 The Instrument Monitoring and Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.3.2 The AMS-02 Data Acquisition (DAQ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4 Carbon Flux Measurement in terms of Geomagnetic Latitude 58
4.1 Monte Carlo Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.2 Exposure Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.3 Event Counts and Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.3.1 Event Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.3.2 Background Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.3.3 Event Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.4 Effective Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.4.1 Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.4.2 Efficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.4.3 Effective Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.5 Carbon Flux and Unfolding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.5.1 Raw Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.5.2 Unfolding Procedure and Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5 Observation of Z>2 Trapped Nuclei in the SAA 105
5.1 AMS in the SAA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.2 Pre-selection Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.3 Backtracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.4 Trapped Nuclei Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.4.1 Pitch Angle Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.4.2 Rigidity Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.4.3 Charge Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Conclusions 113
Bibliography 123

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指導教授

張元翰(Yuan-Hann Chang)

審核日期

2025-1-9

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