混和訊號 1.6-3.6GHz 相位旋轉延遲鎖定迴路

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陸少綿(Shao-Mian Lu) 查詢紙本館藏

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電機工程學系

論文名稱

混和訊號 1.6-3.6GHz 相位旋轉延遲鎖定迴路
(A Mixed Signal 1.6-3.6GHz Phase Rotator Delay-Locked Loop In 40nm CMOS Technology)

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至系統瀏覽論文 (2029-1-10以後開放)

摘要(中)

第五代雙倍資料傳輸同步動態隨機存取記憶體 (Gen-5 Double Data Rate
Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory)[1]在維持和前代 DDR4/3 差不多
的延遲時間(Latency Time)下，更強調超低工作功耗 (Power Consumption)和超
大輸出入頻寬 (Input/Output (I/O)-Bandwidth)[2]，其中操作電壓進一步從 1.2V
下降到 1.1V，相比於 DDR4 相同模組比較下可帶來約 20%的功耗下降[3]，而
IO 頻寬來到 4800~6400 MT/s (並在後續更新中進一步提升)。在此超高資料傳
輸效率和低電壓操作的條件下，訊號保真度(Signal Integrity)在遭遇先進製程產
生的製程擾動和電性擾動的影響下將更難維持[4]，尤其是波形訊號的抖動
(Jitter)[5]和相位雜訊(Phase Noise)[6]更嚴重困擾高速電路設計，如在延遲鎖定迴
路(Delay-Locked Loop)設計中，這些現象尤為突出。本文使用 40-nm CMOS 技
術設計應對於 DDR5 DRAM 規格所需之 DLL 電路，希冀可解決高速傳輸所帶
來的 Jitter 和 Phase Noise 相關議題，為 DDR5 DRAM 應用之市場普及做出貢
獻。
本文所設計之相位旋轉延遲線使用了一種直接輸入-輸出比較的技術，此技
術與傳統的使用複製延遲的 DLL[7]相比，通過晶片內分割採樣時鐘將輸入時鐘
的上升沿與輸出節拍時鐘對齊，可以最小化延遲線及複製延遲電路的使用，進
而降低工藝-電壓-溫度（PVT）變異可能會引起複製延遲電路的延遲不匹配所
產生的訊號抖動，同時也達到降低功耗的作用。
最後完成的相位旋轉延遲鎖定迴路，其架構包含除頻器(Divider)、相位偵
測器(Phase Detector)、計數器式控制電路(Counter-Based Controller)以及相位旋
轉延遲線(Phase Rotator Delay Line)。操作頻率範圍在 1.6-3.6GHz，操作電壓
0.9V，鎖定週期為 40T，操作頻率 3.6GHz 時，消耗功率為 4.5mW，Jitterp-p 為
0.266ps，Jitterrms 為 0.188ps。

摘要(英)

The fifth-generation Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access
Memory (DDR5 SDRAM) maintains a similar latency time to its predecessors DDR4
and DDR3. However, it emphasizes ultra-low power consumption and significantly
increases input/output (I/O) bandwidth. [1] The operating voltage has further
decreased from 1.2V to 1.1V, resulting in approximately a 20% reduction in power
consumption compared to DDR4 modules with the same capacity. The I/O bandwidth
has reached speeds of 4800-6400 MT/s, with further improvements expected in
subsequent updates. Under these conditions of ultra-efficient data transfer and lowvoltage operation, signal integrity becomes more challenging to be kept in the same
shape due to process and electrical disturbances associated with advanced fabrication
processes. This is particularly prominent in high-speed circuit design, notably in the
design of the Delay-Locked Loops (DLL).
This paper presents the design of a DLL circuit for DDR5 SDRAM
specifications using 40-nm CMOS technology, and aimes at addressing jitter and
phase noise issues associated with high-speed transmission, which contributes to the
adoption of DDR5 SDRAM in the market.
The phase-rotator delay line used in this paper employs a direct input-output
comparison technique. This approach, compared to the traditional use of duplicated
delay line in DLLs, minimizes the use of delay line and duplicate delay circuits by
aligning the rising edges of the input clock with the output clock within the chip′s
internal sampling clock. These design efforts does not only minimize signal jitter
caused by variations in delay within duplicate delay circuits due to process-voltagetemperature (PVT) variations but also reduces power consumption.
iii
The final phase-rotator delay-locked loop consists of a divider, phase detector,
counter-based controller, and phase-rotator delay-lines. It operates in the frequency
range of 1.6-3.6GHz with a voltage of 0.9V and a lock period of 40T. At an operating
frequency of 3.6GHz ; it consumes 4.5mW and has a jitter peak-to-peak of 0.266ps,
and a root mean square jitter of 0.188ps.

關鍵字(中)

★ 延遲鎖定迴路
★ 延遲鎖相迴路
★ 相位旋轉

關鍵字(英)

★ DLL
★ Delay-Locked Loop
★ Phase Rotator

論文目次

摘要............................................................................................................................................ i
Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... ii
目錄........................................................................................................................................... v
圖目錄..................................................................................................................................... vii
表目錄....................................................................................................................................... x
一、導論.............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 背景................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 研究動機......................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 論文架構......................................................................................................................... 5
二、延遲鎖定迴路架構介紹.............................................................................................. 6
2.1 鎖相迴路與延遲鎖定迴路之原理................................................................................. 6
2.1.1 鎖相迴路.................................................................................................................. 6
2.1.2 延遲鎖定迴路.......................................................................................................... 8
2.2 延遲鎖定迴路架構分類............................................................................................... 11
2.2.1 類比式延遲鎖定迴路............................................................................................ 11
2.2.2 數位式延遲鎖定迴路............................................................................................ 12
2.2.3 混訊式延遲鎖定迴路............................................................................................ 13
2.3 數位控制電路............................................................................................................... 14
2.3.1 移位暫存器式延遲鎖定迴路................................................................................ 14
2.3.2 計數器式延遲鎖定迴路........................................................................................ 15
2.3.3 漸進比較式延遲鎖定迴路.................................................................................... 17
三、相位旋轉延遲鎖定迴路架構介紹............................................................................ 19
3.1 電路架構....................................................................................................................... 19
3.2 除頻器........................................................................................................................... 20
3.3 相位偵測器................................................................................................................... 23
3.4 控制電路....................................................................................................................... 26
vi
3.4.1 4-bit 上下數計數器................................................................................................ 26
3.4.2 4-to-16 解碼器 ....................................................................................................... 28
3.4.3 訊號整合電路........................................................................................................ 30
3.5 相位旋轉延遲線........................................................................................................... 31
3.5.1 注入鎖定震盪器.................................................................................................... 31
3.5.2 相位旋轉多工器.................................................................................................... 33
3.5.3 16-bit 相位內插器.................................................................................................. 34
3.6 輸出與複製延遲電路................................................................................................... 37
四、電路實現與模擬結果................................................................................................ 38
4.1 設計流程....................................................................................................................... 38
4.2 模擬結果....................................................................................................................... 40
4.3 晶片佈局....................................................................................................................... 60
4.4 電路規格與比較表....................................................................................................... 61
五、結論與未來展望........................................................................................................ 62
參考文獻................................................................................................................................. 63

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指導教授

謝易叡(E-Ray Hsieh)

審核日期

2024-1-11

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