Process Development for Chemical Recycling of Poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF) by Alkaline Hydrolysis and Its Optimization Using Full Factorial Design Method

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王妤瑄(Yu-Hsuan Wang) 查詢紙本館藏

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化學工程與材料工程學系

論文名稱

(Process Development for Chemical Recycling of Poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF) by Alkaline Hydrolysis and Its Optimization Using Full Factorial Design Method)

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至系統瀏覽論文 (2026-8-31以後開放)

摘要(中)

聚2,5-呋喃二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEF)是一種由生物基原料製成的新型塑膠，與廣泛使用的聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)相比，PEF具有更好的機械性能、氧氣阻隔性能和熱穩定性。隨著環保意識的增強及相關技術的發展，PEF被視為傳統塑膠的一種重要替代材料，未來有望得到更為廣泛的應用。儘管PEF具備可生物降解的特性，但其降解過程需要特定的環境條件，因此研究其回收策略仍然至關重要。在各種塑膠回收方法中，鹼性水解是一種簡單且具有商業可行性的方法，目前關於探討PEF鹼水解的文獻仍然有限，因此在本研究中，主要探討PEF鹼水解中各實驗參數對製程及最後產物的影響。
我們在高壓釜中進行PEF的鹼水解實驗，將高壓釜置於烘箱中，控制反應溫度和時間。PEF經鹼性水解後生成呋喃酸二鈉(DSF)，隨後通過添加硫酸水溶液(H₂SO₄(aq))產生最終產物2,5-呋喃二甲酸(FDCA)單體。本研究第一部分，使用不同的鹼(NaOH和KOH)、反應溫度(80°、100°、120°和160 °C)、反應時間(4、6和8小時)和NaOH與PEF之重複單元的莫爾比(2.2和6.6)，初步探討各參數對PEF轉化率、FDCA產率和FDCA純度的影響，為後續實驗設計(DoE)提供依據。
第二部分使用Minitab 19軟體，採用全因子設計法(Full Factorial Design, FFD)進行實驗設計與分析，探討鹼水解過程中單一實驗因子（反應溫度、反應時間和NaOH與PEF之重複單元的莫爾比）及兩因子間的相互作用對反應結果（PEF轉化率、FDCA產率和FDCA純度）的影響。根據FFD的分析結果，識別影響實驗結果的顯著因子，並建立各實驗結果的數學模型方程式。最後，使用最佳化條件(反應溫度為160 °C、反應時間為6小時及NaOH與PEF之重複單元的莫爾比為2.2)驗證數學模型方程式的準確性，在最佳化條件下，獲得的平均實驗結果分別為PEF轉化率97.7 %、FDCA產率84.5 %及FDCA純度97.2 %，經由計算，模型預測值與實驗值的相對預測誤差在± 3.5 %內，表明此模型具有較高的準確度。

摘要(英)

Poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF) is a new type of plastic made from bio-based raw materials. Compared to the widely used poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), PEF has better mechanical properties, oxygen barrier performance, and thermal stability. With the increasing environmental awareness and the development of related technologies, PEF is regarded as an important alternative to traditional plastics and is expected to be more widely used in the future. Although PEF is biodegradable, its degradation process requires specific environmental conditions, so studying its recycling strategies remains crucial. Among various plastic recycling methods, alkaline hydrolysis is a simple and commercially viable method. Currently, the literature on exploring PEF alkaline hydrolysis is still limited. Therefore, this study mainly investigates the impact of various experimental parameters on the process and final products of PEF alkaline hydrolysis.
The alkaline hydrolysis of PEF was carried out in an autoclave, which was then placed in an oven set to specific reaction temperatures and times. After alkaline hydrolysis, PEF generated disodium furanoate (DSF), which was subsequently converted into the final product, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) monomer, by adding sulfuric acid aqueous solution (H₂SO₄(aq)). In the first part of this study, different bases (NaOH and KOH), reaction temperatures (80°, 100°, 120°, and 160 °C), reaction times (4, 6, and 8 h), and molar ratio of NaOH per PEF repeating unit (2.2 and 6.6) were used to preliminarily investigate the effects of each parameter on the conversion of PEF, the yield of FDCA, and the assay of FDCA. This provided a basis for subsequent the design of experimental (DoE).
In the second part, Minitab 19 software was used to perform experimental design and analysis using the Full Factorial Design (FFD) method. This was done to investigate the effects of single experimental factors (reaction temperature, reaction time, and molar ratio of NaOH per PEF repeating unit) and the interaction between two factors on the reaction outcomes (the conversion of PEF, the yield of FDCA, and the assay of FDCA) during the alkaline hydrolysis process. Based on the analysis results of the FFD, identify the significant factors affecting the experimental results and establish the mathematical model equations for each experimental result. Finally, the optimal conditions (reaction temperature of 160 °C, reaction time of 6 h, and molar ratio of NaOH per PEF repeating unit of 2.2) were used to verify the mathematical model. Under the optimal conditions, the average experimental results obtained were the PEF conversion of 97.7 %, the FDCA yield of 84.5 %, and the FDCA assay of 97.2 %. The relative prediction error between the model′s predicted values and the experimental values was within ± 3.5 %, indicating that the model had high accuracy.

關鍵字(中)

★ 回收
★ 聚2,5-呋喃二甲酸乙二醇酯
★ 鹼水解
★ 結晶
★ 2,5-呋喃二甲酸
★ 實驗設計

關鍵字(英)

★ Recycle
★ Poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate)
★ Alkaline hydrolysis
★ Crystallization
★ 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid
★ Design of Experiment

論文目次

摘要...i
Abstract...iii
Acknowledgement...v
Table of Contents...vii
List of Figures...x
List of Tables...xii
List of Schemes...xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction...1
1.1 Poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF)...1
1.2 Recycling Methods...4
1.3 Chemical Recycling...5
1.4 Alkaline Hydrolysis...12
1.5 Design of Experiment (DoE)...14
1.6 Concept of Work...16
Chapter 2 Experimental Section...19
2.1 Materials...19
2.1.1 Chemicals...19
2.1.2 Solvents...20
2.2 Experimental Methods...22
2.2.1 Recycling of Poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF) by Alkaline Hydrolysis...22
2.2.2 Recovery of 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) from PEF Alkaline Hydrolysis by Acidification...24
2.2.3 Preliminary Experiments for Recycling PEF by Alkaline Hydrolysis to Understand the Process Variables...27
2.2.4 Design of Experiments (DoE) by Full Factorial Design...29
2.3 Analytical Instrumentation...31
2.3.1 Optical Microscopy (OM)...31
2.3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy...31
2.3.3 Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD)...32
2.3.4 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)...32
2.3.5 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)...33
2.3.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)...34
2.3.7 High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analyzer (HPLC)...34
Chapter 3 Results and Discussion...37
3.1 Preliminary Experiments for Recovery of FDCA from PEF by Alkaline Hydrolysis to Understand the Process Variables...37
3.1.1 Alkaline Hydrolysis of Poly(ethylene 2,5-furan dicarboxylate) (PEF)...37
3.1.2 Recovery of 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) from Alkaline Hydrolysis...38
3.1.3 Summary of Preliminary Experimental Results...39
3.2 Kinetic Model...45
3.3 DoE for Alkaline Hydrolysis of Poly(ethylene 2,5-furan dicarboxylate) (PEF)...48
3.3.1 Full Factorial Design...48
3.3.2 Johnson Transformation...51
3.3.3 The Main Results of the Full Factorial Design...54
3.4 Use Test of FDCA...70
3.4.1 Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy...70
3.4.2 Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD)...72
Chapter 4 Conclusions and Future Works...73
4.1 Conclusions...73
4.2 Future Works...75
Appendices...77
References...84

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指導教授

李度(Tu Lee)

審核日期

2024-7-31

推文