稀薄膠體溶液之有效電荷

以作者查詢圖書館館藏

、以作者查詢臺灣博碩士

、以作者查詢全國書目

、勘誤回報

、線上人數：26

、訪客IP：3.16.188.113

姓名

王子瑜(Tzu-yu Wang) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

化學工程與材料工程學系

論文名稱

稀薄膠體溶液之有效電荷
(Effective charge of a dilute colloidal solution)

相關論文

★ 反離子的凝聚作用和釋放於界劑溶液中添加鹽類的影響之研究	★ 以離子型界劑溶解微脂粒之研究
★ 奈米添加物對微乳液滴靜電特性的影響–蒙地卡羅模擬法	★ W/O型微乳液液滴之電荷分佈量測
★ 溫度和PEG-脂質對磷脂醯膽鹼與離子型界面活性劑間作用的影響之研究	★ 明膠的溶膠-凝膠相變化與微乳液-有機凝膠相變化
★ 膽固醇與膽鹽對微脂粒穩定度的影響	★ 電解質溶液的表面張力-蒙地卡羅模擬法
★ 稀薄聚電解質溶液中的反離子凝聚現象	★ 溫度不敏感性之電動力學行為於毛細管區域電泳
★ 以熱力學性質定義帶電粒子的電荷重正化現象	★ 聚乙二醇與界面活性劑的作用
★ 聚電解質溶液中的反離子凝聚現象	★ 聚電解質在中性高分子溶液中的泳動行為
★ 在聚電解質溶液中的有效電荷	★ 以分散粒子動力學法模擬雙性團聯共聚物微胞之探討

檔案

[Endnote RIS 格式]

[Bibtex 格式]

[相關文章]

[文章引用]

[完整記錄]

[館藏目錄]

[檢視]

[下載]

本電子論文使用權限為同意立即開放。
已達開放權限電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的，進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。
請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定，切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送，以免觸法。

摘要(中)

在稀薄的膠體粒子溶液中，由於膠體粒子會解離出反離子(counterion)，使粒子帶有電荷Z。散佈在溶液中的反離子受到膠體粒子電荷的影響，而靠近粒子表面，即稱之為反離子凝聚(condensation)現象。因此遠處所感受到膠體粒子的電荷不再是Z價電荷，而是有效電荷Z*。此現象可藉由蒙地卡羅模擬其反離子的離子化程度( )來進行研究。離子化程度定義為實際測得之反離子濃度與其本質上應有之反離子濃度的比值。在實驗上，利用擁有相同反離子化學勢能的電解質溶液濃度可直接測得反離子濃度，例如使用離子選擇性電極。本實驗之膠體粒子溶液系統，分別就未添加鹽類(salt free)、添加一價鹽類(monovalent salt)、添加多價鹽類(multivalent salt)等三個不同方向進行研究。在未添加鹽類系統中，解離度會受到膠體粒子的濃度、本質價數、溶劑種類以及反離子價數的影響；在添加鹽類系統中，解離度隨著鹽類濃度增加而變大，但是膠體的有效電荷卻隨鹽類濃度增加而變小。此外，不同價數的鹽類對解離度之影響亦不同。利用上述之研究方法亦成功的模擬反離子凝聚現象對聚電解質(polyelectrolyte)溶液性質之影響。
在稀薄的膠體溶液中，膠體粒子受到重力和熱擾動互相競爭而最終達到沉降平衡，形成一個非均勻濃度分佈，稱之為大氣分佈(barometric distribution)。然而，即使在低體積分率下(例如：10-4)，帶電粒子之間的靜電作用亦會造成其濃度分佈與大氣分佈有著重大的偏差。在稀薄、未加鹽的膠體溶液系統中，發現在沉降平衡系統中因其濃度的分佈，可以粗略的區分為五個部份。分別從這五個部份的膠體粒子和反離子的濃度分佈中，進而觀察反離子凝聚效應的程度。由模擬結果中得知造成Non-barometric distribution的原因主要來自於膠體粒子彼此之間的斥力作用，而和膠體粒子與反離子之間的吸引力無關。再進一步觀察反離子的濃度分佈發現，當膠體粒子與反離子之間為弱吸引力時，反離子在系統溶液中均勻分佈，並隨著彼此之間吸引力增加的同時，反離子會逐漸吸附在膠體粒子週遭，使得膠體粒子彼此之間斥力作用減弱，膠體粒子的濃度分佈則遵守大氣分佈。整體而言，在Non-barometric distribution情況下，溶液的局部並不會達到電中性，而內部電場的存在並不是造成Non-barometric distribution的主要原因。
膠體溶液於沉降平衡中，通常都會伴隨著唐南平衡(Donnan equilibrium)的發生。當系統中兩區域達到唐南平衡時，此兩區域之間存有唐南位能(Donnan potential)，此位能會受膠體粒子的大小、本質電荷、濃度與反離子電荷的影響。
唐南位能會隨著膠體濃度與有效電荷增加而增加，並且隨著介電常數增加而降低。而唐南位能來至於兩區域內的淨電荷密度，當靜電荷越高則唐南位能越大。

摘要(英)

The effective charge is often invoked to account for the accumulation of counterions near the colloid with intrinsic charge . Although the ion concentrations are not uniform in the solution due to the presence of the charged particle, their chemical potentials are uniform everywhere. Thus, on the basis of ion chemical potential, effective ion concentrations, which can be experimentally measured by potentiometry, are defined with the pure salt solution as the reference state. The effective charge associated with the charged particle can then be determined by the global electroneutrality condition. Monte Carlo simulations are performed in a spherical Wigner-Seitz cell to obtain the effective charge of the colloid. In terms of the charge ratio , the effects of salt free concentration, added salt concentration, counterion valency, and particle charge are examined. The effective charge declines with increasing salt concentration and the multivalent salt is much more efficient in reducing the effective charge of the colloidal solution. Moreover, the extent of effective charge reduction is decreased with increasing intrinsic charge for a given concentration of added salt. Besides the colloid system, the effective charge of polyelectrolytes is also investigated in a salt free solution.
The sedimentation profile of a dilute colloidal solution follows the barometric distribution owing to the balance between gravitational force and thermal fluctuation. However, the electrostatic interactions may lead to significant deviation even in the low volume fraction limit (e.g. 10−5). For a dilute, salt-free colloidal dispersion, five regimes can be identified through the resulting colloidal sedimentation profile and the counterion distribution. The electrostatic interactions depends on the Coulomb strength, , defined as the ratio of the Bjerrum length to the colloid size. At weak colloid-ion attractions (small ), counterions tend to distribute uniformly in the container. However, both barometric and inflated profiles of colloids can be observed. On the contrary, at strong colloid-ion attraction (large ), counterions accumulate in the vicinity of the colloids. Significant counterion condensation effectively decreases the strength of colloid-colloid repulsion and barometric profile of colloids can be obtained as well. As a result, the sedimentation profile and counterion distribution are indicative of the strength of effective colloid-colloid and colloid-ion interactions. It is also found that local electroneutrality condition is generally not satisfied and charge separation (or internal electric field) is neither a sufficient nor necessary condition for non-barometric distributions.
Donnan equilibrium of a salt-free colloidal dispersion has been investigated by Monte Carlo simulations. The influences of colloidal characteristics, including particle size R, intrinsic particle charge Z, couterion valency , and concentration , on Donnan potential and effective charge are directly calculated by considering two chambers separated by a semipermeable, fictitious membrane. Donnan potential is increased by increasing and and by decreasing dielectric constant . In principle, is determined by the ratio of net charge density to dielectric constant in a chamber and charge density distribution. The former reveals that the existence of net charge is responsible for Donnan potential, while the latter illustrates the influence of colloid-ion interaction, which is associated with colloidal characteristics.

關鍵字(中)

★ 唐南平衡
★ 沉降平衡
★ 聚電解質
★ 有效電荷
★ 膠體

關鍵字(英)

★ donnan equilibrium
★ sedimentation equilibrium
★ polyelectrolytes
★ effective charge
★ colloids

論文目次

ABSTRACT IN CHINESE Ⅰ
ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH Ⅲ
CONTENTS Ⅴ
FIGURES Ⅷ
TABLES Ⅹ
Chapter 1 Introduction
1-1 Surfactants…………………………………………………… 1
1-2 Colloids……………………………………………………… 2
1-3 Polyelectrolytes ……………………………………………… 3
Chapter 2 Counterion condensation and release in micellar solutions
2-1 Introduction………………………………………………… 6
2-2 Monte Carlo simulations……………………………………… 10
2-3 Results and discussion………………………………………… 12
2-4 Conclusion…………………………………………………… 15
Chaper 3 Effects of multivalent salt addition on effective charge of dilute colloidal solutions
3-1 Introduction…………………………………………………… 22
3-2 Effective charge based on chemical potential…………………… 24
3-3 Cell model and simulation…………………………………… 29
3-3-1 Partition function………………………………………… 29
3-3-2 Simulation details………………………………………… 31
3-3-3 Chemical potential and effective concentration……………… 31
3-4 Results and discussion………………………………………… 33
3-4-1 Salt-free colloidal solution………………………………… 33
3-4-2 Effective ion concentrations………………………………… 34
3-4-3 Effective charge…………………………………………… 36
3-5 Conclusion…………………………………………………… 40
Chaper 4 Effective charges of polyelectrolytes in a salt-Free solution based on counterion chemical potential
4-1 Introduction…………………………………………………… 55
4-2 Simulation details……………………………………………… 58
4-3 Results and discussion………………………………………… 61
4-3-1 Counterion and monomer ditributions……………………… 61
4-3-2 Degree of ionization……………………………………… 63
4-3-3 Line charge density……………………………………… 65
4-3-4 Polymer concentration……………………………………… 67
4-3-5 Bending rigidity and solvent quality………………………… 69
4-3-6 Chain Length……………………………………………… 71
4-3-7 Simple model: two-phase approximation…………………… 73
4-4 Conclusion…………………………………………………… 74
Chaper 5 Equilibrium sedimentation profile of dilute, salt-Free charged colloids
5-1 Introduction…………………………………………………… 92
5-2 Partition function and asymptotic limits………………………… 95
5-2-1 Weak colloid-ion interaction……………………………… 97
5-2-2 Strong colloid-ion attraction……………………………… 98
5-3 Simulation details……………………………………………… 99
5-3-1 Chemical potential and electric potential…………………… 102
5-4 Results and discussion………………………………………… 103
5-4-1 Sedimentation profiles for monovalent counterions………… 104
5-4-2 Sedimentation profiles for trivalent counterions……………… 106
5-4-3 Degree of ionization and effective colloid-colloid repulsion… 108
5-4-4 Comparison to the mean-field theory based on chemical
potential………………………………………………… 110
5-5 Conclusion…………………………………………………… 112
Chaper 6 Donnan potential of dilute colloidal dispersions
6-1 Introduction………………………………………………… 128
6-2 Simulation details………………………………………………130
6-2-1 Chemical potential……………………………………133
6-2-2 Effective charge of colloids…………………………………134
6-3 Results and discussion………………………………………… 135
6-3-1 Salt-free system……………………………………………136
6-3-1-1 Effect of colloid size…………………………………136
6-3-1-2 Effect of colloid charge………………………………138
6-3-1-3 Effect of colloid concentration………………………139
6-3-1-4 Effect of dielectric constant…………………………141
6-3-2 Donnan potential and net charge density……………………142
6-3-2-1 Effect of salt addition…………………………………143
6-3-3 Validity of the mean-field theory…………………………144
6-4 Conclusion……………………………………………………147

參考文獻

CH1
[1] D.H. Everett, Basic Principles of Colloid Science (The Royal Society of Chemistry, UK, 1988)
[2] T. Cosgrove, Colloid Science: Principles, Methods and Applications (Wileyl-Blackwell, UK, 2005)
[3] K.S. Birdi, Handbook of Surface and Colloid Chemistry (CRC Press, Boca Raton, New York, 1997)
[4] A. Dominguez, A. Fernandez, N. Gonzalez, E. Iglesias and L. Montenegro , J. Chem. Educ. 74, 1227 (1997) .
[5] Y. Nakahara, T. Kida, Y. Nakatsuji and M. Akashi, Langmuir 21, 6688 (2005).
[6] D. F. Evans and H. Wennerström, The colloidal domain where physics, chemistry, biology, and technology meet (Wiley-VCH, New York, 1994)
[7] A.A. Kumar and T. B.V. Rao, Complex fluids and fluid microstructures (VCH, New York, 1996)
[8] B. V. Derjaguin and L. Landau, Acta Physiochim (USSR) 14:633 (1941)
[9] Verwey and J. W. Evert, Theory of the stability of lyophobic colloids (Dover Publications, Amsterdam, 1999)
[10] F. Oosawa, Polyelectrolytes (Macel Dekker, New York, 1971).
[11] H. Dautzenberg, W. Jaeger, J. Ko¨tz, B. Philipp, Ch. Seidel, and D. Stscherbina, Polyelectrolytes-Formation, Characterization and Application (Hanser Gardner Publications, 1994).
[12] J.L. Barrat, and J.-F. Joanny, Adv. Chem. Phys. XCIV, 1 (1995).
===========================================================
CH2
[1] G. S. Manning, J. Chem. Phys. 51, 924 (1969).
[2] F. Ossawa, Polyelectrolytes (Dekker, New York, 1971).
[3] S. Alexander, P. M. Chaikin, P. Grant, G. J. Morales, and P. Pincus, J. Chem. Phys. 80, 5776 (1984).
[4] E. Trizac, L. Bocquet, and M. Aubouy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 248301 (2002).
[5] J. M. Roberts, J. J. O’Dea, and J. G. Osteryoung, Anal. Chem. 70, 3667 (1998).
[6] V. K. Aswal and P. S. Goyal, Phys. Rev. E 67, 051401 (2003).
[7] B. H. Zimm and M. Le Bret, J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 1, 461 (1983).
[8] W. L. Hsin, T.-Y. Wang, Y.-J. Sheng, and H.-K. Tsao, J. Chem. Phys. 121, 5494 (2004).
[9] M. J. Stevens, M. L. Falk, and M. O. Robbins, J. Chem. Phys. 104, 5209 (1996).
[10] R. D. Groot, J. Chem. Phys. 95, 9191 (1991).
[11] L. Belloni, Colloids Surf., A 140, 227 (1998).
[12] M. Deserno and C. Holm, Electrostatic Effects in Soft Matter and Biophysics (Kluwer Academic, Netherlands, 2001), p. 27; H. Wennerström, B. Jönsson, and P. Linse, J. Chem. Phys. 76, 4665 (1982).
[13] V. K. Aswal and P. S. Goyal, Phys. Rev. E 61, 2947 (2000).
[14] E. B. Abuin, E. A. Lissi, R. Núñez, and A. Olea, Langmuir 5, 753 (1989).
[15] C. C. Hsiao, T. Y. Wang, and H. K. Tsao. J. Chem. Phys. 122, 144702 (2005)
[16] Y.-J. Sheng and H.-K. Tsao, Phys. Rev. E 66, 040201sRd (2002); C.-H. Ho, H.-K. Tsao, and Y.-J. Sheng, J. Chem. Phys. 119, 2369 (2003).
[17] D. Frenkel and B. Smit, Understanding Molecular Simulation (Academic, New York, 1996).
[18] T. López-León, A. B. Jódar-Reyes, D. Bastos-González, and J. L. Ortega- Vinuesa, J. Phys. Chem. B 107, 5696 (2003).
[19] B. W. Ninham and V. Yaminsky, Langmuir 13, 2097 (1997).
[20] W. L. Hsin, Y.-J. Sheng, S.-Y. Lin, and H.-K. Tsao, Phys. Rev. E 69, 031605 (2004).
==========================================================
CH3
[1] S. Alexander, P. M. Chaikin, P. Grant, G. J. Morales, and P. Pincus, J. Chem. Phys. 80, 5776 (1984).
[2] E. Trizac, L. Bocquet, and M. Aubouy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 248301 (2002).
[3] R. D. Groot, J. Chem. Phys. 95, 9191 (1991).
[4] M. J. Stevens, M. L. Falk, and M. O. Robbins, J. Chem. Phys. 104, 5209 (1996).
[5] J. M. Roberts, J. J. O’Dea, and J. G. Osteryoung, Anal. Chem. 70, 3667 (1998).
[6] V. Sanghiran and K. S. Schmitz, Langmuir 16, 7566 (2000).
[7] W. L. Hsin, T.-Y. Wang, Y.-J. Sheng, and H.-K. Tsao, J. Chem. Phys. 121, 5494 (2004).
[8] M. Muthukumar, J. Chem. Phys. 120, 9343 (2004).
[9] T.-Y. Wang, T.-R. Lee, Y.-J. Sheng, and H.-K. Tsao, J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 22560 (2005).
[10] D. A. McQuarrie, Statistical Mechanics (Happer & Row, New York, 1976).
[11] G. V. Ramanathan, J. Chem. Phys. 88, 3887 (1988).
[12] L. Belloni, Colloids Surf., A 140, 227 (1998).
[13] M. Deserno and C. Holm, Electrostatic Effects in Soft Matter and Biophyiscs (Kluwer Academic, Netherlands, 2001), p. 27; H. Wennerström, B. Jönsson, and P. Linse, J. Chem. Phys. 76, 4665 (1982).
[14] Y.-J. Sheng and H.-K. Tsao, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 185501 (2001); Phys. Rev. E 66, 040201(R) (2002); C.-H. Ho, H.-K. Tsao, and Y.-J. Sheng, J. Chem. Phys. 119, 2369 (2003).
[15] D. Frenkel and B. Smit, Understanding Molecular Simulation (Academic, New York, 1996).
[16] G. S. Manning, J. Chem. Phys. 51, 924 (1969).
[17] E. J. W. Verwey and J. T. G. Overbeek, Theory of the Stability of Lyophobic Colloids (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1948).
[18] J. Gao, F. A. Gomez, R. Härter, and G. W. Whitesides, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 12027 (1994).
[19] R. F. Probstein, Physicochemical Hydrodynamics: An Introduction (Wiley, New York, 1994).
[20] M. Aubouy, E. Trizac and L. Bocquet, J. Phys. A 36, 5835 (2003).
[21] G. Téllez and E. Trizac, Phys. Rev. E 70, 011404 (2004).
=======================================================
CH4
[1] C. F. Anderson and M. T. Record, Jr. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem. 19, 423 (1990). R. Bacquet, P. Rossky, J. Phys. Chem. 88, 2660 (1984). D. Bratko and D. Dolar, J. Chem. Phys. 80, 5782 (1984). H. L. Gordon and J. P. Valleau, Mol. Sim. 14, 361 (1995).
[2] R. G. Winkler, M. Gold and P. Reineker, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 3731 (1998). N. V. Brilliantov, D. V. Kuznetsov and R. Klein, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1433 (1998).
[3] M. Deserno, C. Holm and S. May, Macromolecules 33, 199 (2000).
[4] S. Liu and M. Muthukumar, J. Chem. Phys. 116, 9975 (2002).
[5] Q. Liao, A. V. Dobrynin and M. Rubinstein, Macromolecules 36, 3399 (2003).
[6] P. Gonza´lez-Mozuelos and M. Olvera de la Cruz, J. Chem. Phys. 103, 3145 (1995).
[7] M. Muthukumar, J. Chem. Phys. 120, 9343 (2004).
[8] W. L. Hsin, T.-Y. Wang, Y.-J. Sheng and H.-K. Tsao, J. Chem. Phys. 121, 5494 (2004).
[9] S. Alexander, P. M. Chaikin, P. Grant, G. J. Morales and P. Pincus, J. Chem. Phys. 80, 5776 (1984).
[10] E. J. W. Verwey and J. T. G. Overbeek, Theory of the Stability of Lyophobic Colloids (Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1948).
[11] Y.-J. Sheng, S. Jiang and H.-K. Tsao, Macromolecules 35, 7865 (2002). Y.- J. Sheng, J. Z.-Y. Chen and H.-K. Tsao, Macromolecules 35, 9624 (2002). Y.-J. Sheng, P.-H. Hsu, J. Z.-Y. Chen, and H.-K. Tsao, Macromolecules 37, 9257 (2004).
[12] S. M. Mel’nikov, M. O. Khan, B. Lindman and B. Jo¨nsson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121, 1130 (1999).
[13] Y.-J. Sheng, H.-J. Lin, J. Z. Y. Chen and H.-K. Tsao, J. Chem. Phys. 118, 851 (2003). H.-K. Tsao, J. Z. Y. Chen and Y.-J. Sheng, Macromolecules 36, 5863 (2003).
[14] D. Frenkel and B. Smit, Understanding Molecular Simulation(Academic: New York, 1996).
[15] G. S. Manning, J. Chem. Phys. 51, 924 (1969).
[16] F. Ossawa, Polyelectrolytes (Dekker, New York, 1971).
[17] M. Deserno, C. Holm and S. May, Macromolecules 33, 199 (2000).
[18] M. Deserno and C. Holm, In Electrostatic Effects in Soft Matter and Biophyiscs (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2001; p 27). H. Wennerstro¨m, B. Jo¨nsson and P. Linse, J. Chem. Phys. 76, 4665 (1982).
[19] A. Deshkovski, S. Obukhov and M. Rubinstein, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 2341 (2001).
[20] A. V. Dobrynin, R. H. Colby and M. Rubinstein, Macromolecules 28, 1859 (1995).
[21] M. Ullner and C. E. Woodward, Macromolecules 35, 1437 (2002).
[22] T. Odijk, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed. 15, 477 (1977).
[23] J. Skolnick and M. Fixman, Macromolecules 10, 944 (1977).
[24] Q. Liao, A. V. Dobrynin and M. Rubinstein, Macromolecules 36, 3399 (2003).
[25] Y.-J. Sheng, H.-J. Lin, J. Z. Y.Chen and H.-K. Tsao, Macromolecules 37, 9631 (2004).
[26] J. Z. Y. Chen, H.-K. Tsao and Y.-J. Sheng, Europhys. Lett. 65, 407 (2004).
[27] S. L. Heilman-Miller, D. Thirumalai and S. A. Woodson, J. Mol. Biol. 306, 1157 (2001).
[28] R. D. Groot, J. Chem. Phys. 95, 9191 (1991).
========================================================
CH5
[1] R. Piazza, T. Bellini, and V. Degiorgio, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 4267 (1993).
[2] T. Biben and J.-P. Hansen, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 6, A345 (1994).
[3] J.-P. Simonin, J. Phys. Chem. 99, 1577 (1995).
[4] W. B. Russel, D. A. Saville, and W. R. Schowalter, Colloidal Dispersions (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1989).
[5] R. van Roij, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 15, S3569 (2003).
[6] M. Ra¸sa and A. P. Philipse, Nature 429, 857 (2004).
[7] A. P. Philipse, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 16, S4051 (2004).
[8] M. Ra¸sa, B. H. Erné, B. Zoetekouw, R. van Roij, and A. P. Philipse, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 17, 2293 (2005).
[9] A.-P. Hynninen, R. van Roij, and M. Dijkstra, Europhys. Lett. 65, 719 (2004).
[10] Y.-J. Sheng and H.-K. Tsao, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 185501 (2001); Y.-J. Sheng and H.-K. Tsao, Phys. Rev. E 66, 040201(R) (2002);C.-H. Ho, H.-K. Tsao and Y.-J. Sheng, J. Chem. Phys. 119, 2369 (2003).
[11] A.-P. Hynninen and M. Dijkstra, J. Chem. Phys. 123, 244902 (2005).
[12] T.-Y. Wang, T.-R. Lee, Y.-J. Sheng, and H.-K. Tsao, J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 22560 (2005).
[13] T.-Y. Wang, Y.-J. Sheng, and H.-K. Tsao, J. Chem. Phys. 125, 194523 (2006).
[14] W. L. Hsin, T.-Y. Wang, Y.-J. Sheng, and H.-K. Tsao, J. Chem. Phys. 121, 5494 (2004).
[15] D. Frenkel and B. Smit, Understanding Molecular Simulation (Academic Press, New York, 1996).
=======================================================
CH6
[1] F. G. Z. Donnan. Elektrochemistry. 17, 572 (1911).
[2] D. Gillespie, R. S. Eisenberg, Phys. Rev. E, 63, 061902 (2001).
[3] M. K. Nguyen, I. J. Kurtz, Appl. Physiol, 100, 1293 (2006).
[4] K. Nomura, T. Koga , J. Colloid. Interface Sci., 205, 374 (1998).
[5] A. Küver , I. Vogel, W. Vielstich, J. Power Sources, 52, 77 (1994).
[6] H.Strathmann, Ion-Exchange Membrane Separation Processes ( Elsevier, New York, 2004).
[7] J. M. Prausnitz, R. N. Lichtenthaler, E. G. De Azevedo, Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid-Phase Equilibria (Prentice-Hall, N.J, 1986)
[8] F. J. Ángeles, M. L. Cassou, J. Phys. Chem. B. 108, 1719 (2004).
[9] Y.-J. Sheng, H.-K. Tsao, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 18550 (2001).
[10] Y.-J Sheng, H.-K. Tsao, Phys. Rev. E. 66, 040201(R) (2002).
[11] Ho, C.-H. Tsao, H.-K. Sheng, Y.-J. J. Chem. Phys. 2003, 119, 2369.
[12] V. Vlachy, J. M. Prausnitz, J. Phys. Chem. 96, 6465 (1992).
[13] T.-Y. Wang, Y.-J. Sheng, H.-K. Tsao, J. Chem. Phys.125, 194523 (2006).
[14] T.-Y. Wang, T.-R. Lee, Y.-J. Sheng, H.-K. Tsao, J. Phys. Chem. B. 109, 22560 (2005).
[15] W. L.Hsin, T.-Y. Wang, Y.-J. Sheng, H.-K.Tsao, J. Chem. Phys. 121, 5494 (2004).
[16] D.Frenkel, B. Smit,. Understanding Molecular Simulation (Academic Press, New York, 1996).
[17] C. C. Hsiao, T.-Y Wang, H.-K. Tsao, J. Chem. Phys. 122, 144702 (2005).
[18] G. S.Manning, J. Chem. Phys. 51, 924. 18(1969)

指導教授

曹恒光(Tsao Heng-Kwong)

審核日期

2008-12-8

推文