超音波檢測應用於鋁合金微結構之研究

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許辰陽(CHEN-YANG HSU) 查詢紙本館藏

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機械工程學系

論文名稱

超音波檢測應用於鋁合金微結構之研究
(The investigation of ultrasonic measurement on aluminum microstructure evolution.)

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摘要(中)

鋁合金因其重量輕、強度高與耐腐蝕，故廣泛的應用於工業界，材料在經過熱處理後，合金元素會在材料內部形成微顆粒，這些微顆粒會影響到材料的機械性質。因此，本研究的目標是建立以非破壞性檢測方式評估材料內部微顆粒的分佈。
在超音波探頭的選用上，低頻（5 MHz、10 MHz）的探頭適用於量測材料的晶界與晶粒尺寸，而高頻（20 MHz）的探頭則是用於量測微顆粒的分佈。在使用浸液式超音波檢測時，探頭與受測物間的距離在使用近場長度時可以降低誤差的產生，提高量測值的準確度。
使用頻率為5 MHz的探頭時，衰減率與內耗能的主要影響因素為材料內較巨觀的結構（晶界、差排密度與晶界上的微顆粒）。結合 R_L(單位面積上晶界長度)與 Q^(-1)(內耗能)間的關係，可以利用內耗能的變化來推測材料內部巨觀結構。超音波雜訊的振幅變化主要是由材料內部晶粒尺寸分佈不均勻所造成，而不是晶粒尺寸的大小。
本實驗使用超音波檢測法（Ultrasonic testing）量測7xxx 系鋁合金材料的超音波衰減率。討論材料內部微顆粒、基地、晶界與材料熱處理後微顆粒所產生的應力場對超音波衰減率的影響（∑▒〖f_pi A_i 、〖B_m 、α〗_GB 與〖 C〗_(σ_p ) 〗）。使用光學顯微鏡（Optical Microscope, OM）量測不同尺寸範圍的微顆粒數量，將微顆粒對衰減率的影響區分為 5～10 μm、10～20 μm、20～40 μm 與40～50 μm 分別佔材料的體積分率（f_p1、f_p2、f_p3 與 f_p4）對超音波衰減率的影響。結合超音波檢測得到的內耗能與渦電流檢測法（Eddy current testing）得到的導電度可以推算出材料內部微顆粒的分佈。

摘要(英)

Having the light weight, higher mechanical strength and corrosion resistance, aluminum alloys have been widely used in industry. The material after heat treatment, alloy elements will be formed of particles in the matrix. The mechanical properties of material were affected by particles distribution. Therefore, the objective of this study is to use NDT (non-destructive testing) methods to assess the micro-structural changes inside the material.
The selection of the ultrasonic probe, at low frequency (5 MHz and 10 MHz) for measuring the grain boundary of the material, at high frequency (20 MHz) is used to measure the particles distribution. Immersion ultrasonic testing, the distance between the probe and measured sample is equal to the length of the near-field can reduce the measurement error and, increasing the accuracy of the measured values.
Using a 5 MHz probe, the ultrasonic attenuation and internal friction was affected by the grain boundary, dislocation density, and grain boundary. Combine the relationship between R_L(the length of grain boundary per unit area) and Q^(-1)(internal frication), could predict macro-structure by the variation of internal friction.The amplitude variation of the ultrasonic noise was mainly due to non-uniform distribution of grain, not’’s grain size.
The study used UT (ultrasonic testing) to obtain the attenuation of 7000 series aluminum alloy. We measure attenuation and separate into four parts for discuss: i) particles distribution set as ∑▒〖f_pi A_i 〗 ; The influence of particles on ultrasonic attenuation were divided to varied size range (5～10 μm, 10～20 μm, 20～40 μm and 40～50 μm). The range of particles of 7000 series aluminum alloy was observed by using OM (Optical microscope). ii) matrix set as B_m value. iii) grain boundary scattering set as α_GB value. iv) the particles stress field by heat treatment set as 〖 C〗_(σ_p ) value. Finally, combine ultrasonic attenuation, internal friction, and conductivity to estimate micro-structure of the aluminum alloys.

關鍵字(中)

★ 超音波衰減率
★ 內耗能
★ 微顆粒分佈
★ 超音波雜訊

關鍵字(英)

★ ultrasonic attenuation
★ ultrasonic noise
★ internal friction
★ particles distribution

論文目次

摘要 i
Abstract ii
目錄 iii
圖目錄 vi
表目錄 ix
第一章　前言 1
第二章　理論探討與文獻回顧 2
2-1　超音波檢測（Ultrasonic Testing）原理 2
2-1-1　音波的種類 2
2-1-2　音波傳送速率 3
2-1-3　超音波作用音場及衰減 3
2-2　超音波量測材料微結構之相關研究 4
2-2-1　晶粒尺寸對超音波訊號的影響 4
2-2-2　孔洞率對超音波訊號的影響 8
2-2-3　氫含量對超音波訊號的影響 10
2-2-4　差排對超音波訊號的影響 11
2-2-5　相變化對超音波訊號的影響 15
2-2-6　微顆粒對超音波訊號的影響 16
2-2-7　雜訊對超音波訊號的影響 18
2-3　微顆粒基本性質 24
2-3-1　微顆粒的體積分率計算 24
2-3-2　微顆粒的應力場計算 24
2-4　7xxx 系鋁合金微顆粒簡介 25
2-4-1　鋁合金熱處理簡述 25
2-4-2　7xxx 系鋁合金析出物整理（TEM、SEM） 26
第三章　實驗方法與步驟 29
3-1　實驗目的 29
3-2　實驗材料與試片準備 29
3-3　實驗設備 30
3-4　實驗步驟 30
第四章　結果與討論 37
4-1　近場長度對超音波量測的影響 37
4-2　超音波訊號量測 39
4-3　微結構分析 43
4-4　不同頻率探頭的選用 52
4-5　鋁合金微結構對超音波內耗能（Internal Friction）的影響 54
4-5-1　內耗能計算 54
4-5-2　5N純鋁晶界與差排對內耗能的影響 56
4-5-3　鋁合金熱處理與晶界上微顆粒對內耗能的影響 58
4-5-4　綜論 59
4-6　雜訊對超音波訊號量測的影響 61
4-6-1　5N 純鋁雜訊分析 61
4-6-2　鋁合金雜訊分析 63
4-6-3　綜論 65
4-7　微顆粒分佈對超音波衰減率的影響 66
4-7-1　建立關係式 66
4-7-2　關係式係數的計算 66
4-7-3　微顆粒分佈對內耗能的影響 74
4-7-4　微顆粒對導電度的影響 75
4-7-5　本研究理論分析應用：微顆粒數量與晶界散射所造成的衰減之推估 76
第五章　結論 79
參考文獻 80
附錄 86

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指導教授

施登士(Teng-shih Shih)

審核日期

2012-7-27

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