既存建築物節約能源之研究
—以美國加州比佛利山莊之商業住宅為個案

以作者查詢圖書館館藏

、以作者查詢臺灣博碩士

、以作者查詢全國書目

、勘誤回報

、線上人數：9

、訪客IP：3.144.130.189

姓名

白凱倫(Karen Buck Motz) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

國際永續發展碩士在職專班

論文名稱

既存建築物節約能源之研究 —以美國加州比佛利山莊之商業住宅為個案
(Study for Improving Energy Conservation of ExistingBuildings: Case Study of a Commercial and ResidentialBuilding in California, United States )

相關論文

★ 台灣太陽能光電系統故障原因調查與安裝施工檢查表製作之研究	★ 生命週期導向橋梁改善策略最佳化評選模式之研究
★ 營建拆除廢棄物於公共工程再利用之可行性初步研究	★ 精簡營建於預拌混凝土供應鏈應用之研究
★ 資源物件化之營建作業模擬系統研究	★ 公務單位工程管理網路化系統之流程研究-以內政部營建署為例
★ 營建公司現場工務文件網路化管理資訊系統之研究－以唐榮公司為例	★ 建築廢棄物回收系統制度之研究
★ 應用多元迴歸建立營建工程工率評估模式之研究-以橋梁工程為例	★ 營建作業模擬系統邏輯控制元件之研究
★ 公共工程採購應用合格最低標之研究	★ 國內建築廢棄物減量措施之分析探討及其成效評估之研究
★ 應用賽局理論分析高科技廠房工程競爭行為之研究	★ 橋梁維護管理生命週期成本評估模式之研究
★ 符合綠建築基本指標之成本分析研究-以集合住宅四項評估指標為例	★ 新簡營建－鋼筋供應鏈價值流分析

檔案

[Endnote RIS 格式]

[Bibtex 格式]

[相關文章]

[文章引用]

[完整記錄]

[館藏目錄]

[檢視]

[下載]

本電子論文使用權限為同意立即開放。
已達開放權限電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的，進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。
請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定，切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送，以免觸法。

摘要(中)

為追求便捷與舒適的現代生活，人們愈來愈倚賴空調耗能設備的使用，造成能源耗用與二
氧化碳的排放，不利地球永續發展。本研究主要目的為評估各種常用的節能手法如綠屋頂、
遮陽板、Low-E 玻璃等，對既有建築之節能改善成效。本研究採用Autodesk 所發行之
ECOTECT 軟體進行分析，分別以一商辦建築以及一一般住宅建築案例，透過關鍵參數的
改變與能源需求模擬進行分析。藉由能源消耗及不同設施的參數模擬後發現，商辦大樓可
有效節省達87%以上的能源使用，在一般住宅則可有效節省能源高達96%。
本研究首先從文獻蒐集各種既有建築節能手法，而針對節能效益較佳的手法，進行組合並
模擬分析，以得到最佳節能效益。透過分析結果指出，部分參數如外氣滲透率(infiltration)
對能源消耗具有較大的影響，可降低商業建築整體能源消耗達18%，一般住宅則達84%；
另窗戶玻璃種類則可降低商業大樓整體能耗達42%，一般住宅達17%。其他建築手法，
如牆壁材質、屋頂材質、遮陽設備、以及室內空調溫度設定等對能耗影響則相對較小，但
亦可有效降低能耗。
當某種節能手法可能造成能源損耗降低，另種節能手法卻可能造成能源的損耗，因此對於
建築能耗採取整體建築(holistic building system)進行分析是非常重要的，當評估者分析建
築能耗時，皆應採取綜合性評估方法，如同本研究針對各項節能手法所提出之計算方法一
般。

摘要(英)

The main goal of this thesis is to reduce energy consumption entailed for space heating and
cooling in a building, particularly an existing one. The research question addressed was how the
different building components affected the thermal performance of the dwelling and how these
can be modified to decrease actual cooling and heating load. Two case studies are presented, an
office and a residential building, for which key parameters were changed and annual energy
required was calculated using Autodesk’s ECOTECT. Using whole building energy simulation
and modifying a building’s components it is possible to reduce space heating and cooling energy
requirement for a house and office building by up to 96% and 87% respectively. These
significant energy savings were achieved by first analyzing each building component that has a
major impact on space heating and cooling afterwards best performing components were
simulated altogether. Results indicate that some parameters have a bigger impact on energy
consumption than other, these being infiltration reducing overall energy needed by 18% for
commercial building and 84% for residential building; and windows which minimize overall
energy needed by 42% for commercial building and 17% for residential building. The other
modified parameters such as walls, roof, shading device, and temperature set had more modest
results; nonetheless these decrease energy consumption as well. While one component may
reduce the energy entailed for space cooling and heating another might increase it, it’s important
to analyze it as whole since they belong to the same building. When aiming to reduce energy
consumption a holistic approach must be taken the building must be seen as system in which
every component must function in harmony.

關鍵字(中)

★ 能源效率
★ 商業建築
★ 住宅建築
★ 建築耗能模擬

關鍵字(英)

★ Energy efficiency
★ commercial building
★ residential building
★ whole building energy

論文目次

Table of Contents
ABSTRACT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I
摘要 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- II
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ III
TABLE OF CONTENTS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- IV
LIST OF FIGURES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VI
LIST OF TABLES --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VI
CHAPTER1: INTRODUCTION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.2 OBJECTIVE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
1.3 METHODOLOGY -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
1.3.1 Methods ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
1.3.2 Steps --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
1.4 THESIS OUTLINE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
CHAPTER2: STATE OF THE ART ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6
2.1 DEVELOPMENT OF GREEN BUILDING -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
2.1.1 LEED -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7
2.1.2 BREEAM ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
2.1.3 CASBEE --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
2.2 GREEN BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
2.2.1 On-site Renewable Energy ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12
2.2.2 Solar Water Heating ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
2.2.3 Natural Ventilation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
2.2.4 Roof -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
2.2.5 Exterior Walls: Infiltration ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
2.2.6 Windows --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
2.2.7 Interior Wall: Insulation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
2.3 PREVIOUS STUDIES ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
2.4 BUILDING ENERGY SOFTWARE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
CHAPTER 3: SELECTION OF STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY ---------------- 24
3.1 WHICH STRATEGIES WERE NOT SELECTED? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
3.2 ROOF ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 25
3.3 EXTERIOR WALL: INFILTRATION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26
3.4 WINDOWS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28
3.4.1 Insulated Glass Unit ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28
3.4.2 Shading ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30
3.5 INTERIOR WALL: INSULATION -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
3.6 INDOOR ENVIRONMENT: TEMPERATURE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32
V
CHAPTER 4: ENERGY SIMULATION, ECOTECT MODEL DEVELOPMENT ------------------------------- 34
4.1 INTRODUCTION TO ECOTECT’S THERMAL ANALYSIS ---------------------------------------------------------------- 34
4.2 MODEL INPUT AND COMPUTATION FOR CASE STUDIES --------------------------------------------------------------- 37
4.2.1Input Stage ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37
4.2.2 ECOTECT Analysis -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41
CHAPTER 5: CASE STUDIES AND DISCUSSION --------------------------------------------------------------------- 43
5.1 CASE STUDY 1: RESIDENTIAL BUILDING -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43
5.1.1 Actual Situation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 43
5.1.2 Roof -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44
5.1.3 Exterior Wall: Infiltration ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 45
5.1.4 Windows --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46
5.1.4.1 Insulated Glass Unit ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46
5.1.4.2 Shading Device ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47
5.1.5 Walls and Insulation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48
5.1.6 Indoor Environment: Temperature -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49
5.1.7 Scenarios -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50
5.2 CASE STUDY 2: COMMERCIAL BUILDING ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51
5.2.1 Actual Situation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 52
5.2.2 Roof -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53
5.2.3 Exterior Walls: Infiltration ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54
5.2.4 Windows --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55
5.2.4.1 Insulated Glass Unit ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55
5.2.4.2 Shading Device ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56
5.2.5 Wall and Insulation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56
5.2.6 Indoor Environment: Temperature -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57
5.2.7 Scenarios -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57
5.3 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59
5.3.1 Result Comparison --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH --------------------------------------------------------- 65
6.1 CONCLUSIONS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65
6.2 LIMITATIONS---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 67
6.3 FUTURE RESEARCH -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 70
REFERENCES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71
APPENDIX A: RESIDENTIAL BUILDING INFORMATION AND RESULTS ---------------------------------- 75
APPENDIX B: COMMERCIAL BUILDING INFORMATION AND RESULTS --------------------------------- 86

參考文獻

1. Actacir, M., Büyükalaca, O., & Yilmaz, T. (2010). A case study for influence of building thermal
insulation on cooling load and air-conditioning system in the hot and humid regions. Applied Energy
, 87, 599-607.
2. Adalberth, K. (2001). Energy use in four multi-family houses during their life cycle. Journal of Low
Energy and Sustainable Buildings , 2, 1-21.
3. Aktacir, M. A., Büyükalaca, O., & Yılmaz, T. (2010). A case study for influence of building thermal
insulation on cooling load and air-conditioning system in the hot and humid regions. Applied Energy
, 87, 599-607.
4. Anastaselosa, D., Oxizidis, S., & Papadopoulos, A. (2011). Energy, environmental and economic
optimization of thermal insulation solutions by means of an integrated decision support system.
Energy and Buildings , 43, 686-694.
5. ASHRAE. (2005). Fundamentals Handbook. Atlanta, Georgia.
6. Austrian Standards Institute . (2011). European Standard 673: Glass in Building, Calculation of
Thermal Transmittance . Austrian Standards Institute .
7. AUTODESK. (2010, February). Autodesk Ecotect Analysis and Green Building Studio Services &
Support. Retrieved November 2011, from
http://usa.autodesk.com/adsk/servlet/ps/dl/item?siteID=123112&id=14577164&linkID=13734494
8. AUTODESK ECOTECT Analysis. (n.d.). Retrieved March 30, 2012, from AUTODESK:
http://usa.autodesk.com/ecotect-analysis/
9. AUTODESK. (2010, February 18). Validation of Ecotect Analysis results. Retrieved November
2011, from Autodesk Ecotect Analysis and Green Building Studio Services & Support:
http://usa.autodesk.com/adsk/servlet/ps/dl/item?siteID=123112&id=14576143&linkID=13734494
10. Bambrook, S. M., Sproul, A. B., & Jacob, D. (2011). Design optimisation for a low energy home in
Sydney. Energy and Buildings , 43, 1702-1711.
11. Bomberg, M., & Onysko, D. (2008). Energy Efficiency and Building Durability at the Crossroads.
Journal of building enclosure and design , 27-35.
12. BRE Global Listed . (2010). BREEAM Scheme Document . London: BRE Global Listed.
13. (2011). Buildings Energy Data Book. U.S Deparment of Energy , Energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy .
14. Bulow-Hube, H. (2001). Energy Efficient Window Systems. Lund University, Department of
Construction and Architecture, Sweden.
72
15. Bynum, R. (2001). Insulation Handbook. Mc Graw Hill.
16. Castleton, H., Stovin, B., & Davison, J. (2010). Green roofs; building energy savings and the
potential for retrofit. Energy and Buildings , 42, 1582-1591.
17. Dickerhoff, D., Grimsrud, D. T., & Lipschutz, R. D. (1982). Component Leakage Testing in
Residential Buildings.
18. (2007). Industrial Insulation. In S. Doty, & W. Turner, Energy Management Handbook (pp. 437-
461). Fairmont Press.
19. Dubois, C. M. (1997). Solar Shading and Building Energy Use. Lund: Swedish Council for Building
Research .
20. Dubois, M. C. (1998). Impact of Shading Devices on Daylight Quality in Offices. Lund Institute of
Technology, Department of Construction and Architecture. Lund: Lund University.
21. (2008). EIA Annual Energy Outlook . Environmental Information Administration .
22. (2005). Energy Policy Act. Washington DC.
23. EnergyPlus Energy Simulation Software . (n.d.). Retrieved March 30, 2012, from U.S. Department
of Energy : http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/
24. Goldemberg, J., Johansson, T., Williams, R., & Reddy, A. (1987). Energy for a Sustainable World.
World Resources Institute .
25. Gratia, E., & Herde, A. (2003). Design of Low Energy Office Buildings. Energy and Buildinds , 35,
473-491.
26. Grimsrud, D., Sherman, M., & Sonderegger, R. (1982). Calculating infiltration: Implications for a
construction quality standard. ASHRAE-DOE Conference on the Thermal Performance of the
Exterior Envelope of Buildings , (p. 422). Las Vegas .
27. Grot, R., & Persily, A. (1986). Measured Air Infilitration and Ventilation Rates in Eight Large
Office Buildings. Measured Air Leakage of Buildings , 151-183.
28. GSA Public Buildings Service . (2003). Assessing Green Building Performance: A post Occupancy
Evaluation of 12 GSA Buildings . U.S. Green Building Council.
29. Jelle, B. P. (2011). Traditional, state-of-the-art and future thermal building insulation materials and
solutions – Properties, requirements and possibilities. Energy and Buildings , 43, 2549-2563.
30. Karlsson, J. (2001). Windows- Optical Perfomance and Energy Efficienct. Deparment of Materials
Science . Uppsala: Uppsala University .
31. Karrer, R., & Brook, H. (2001). Possibilities and Limitations of Warm Edge Systems. Glass
Processing Days, (pp. 620-623). Tempere, Finland.
73
32. Khan, N., Su, Y., & Riffat, S. (2008). A review on wind driven ventilation techniques. Energy and
Buildings , 40, 1586-1604.
33. Kubba, S. (2010). Green Construction Project Management and Cost Oversight. Butterworth
Heinemann .
34. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. (n.d.). Simulation Research Group. Retrieved March 30,
2012, from http://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/
35. Lee, W. L. (2012). Benchmarking energy use of building environmental assessment schemes.
Energy and Buildings , 45, 326-334.
36. Lund Institute of Technology. (n.d.). Parasol. Retrieved March 30, 2011, from
http://www.parasol.se/
37. Mohammad, A.-H. (2005). Performance characteristics and practical applications of common
building thermal insulation materials. Building and Environment , 40, 353-366.
38. Parizotto, S., & Lamberts, R. (2011). Investigation of green roof thermal performance in temperate
climate: A case study of an experimental building in Florianópolis city, Southern Brazil. Energy and
Buildings , 43, 1712-1722.
39. Patania, F., Gagliano, A., Nocera, F., Ferlito, A., & Galesi, A. Energy Analysis of Ventilated Roof.
University of Catania, Department of Industrial and Mechanics Engineering, Catania.
40. Persson, M. L. (2006). Window of Opportunities: A glazed area and its impact on the energy
balance of buildings. Derparment of Engineering Sciences . Uppsala: Uppsala University.
41. Rosencrantz, T. (2005). Perfomance of Energy Efficient Windows and Solar Shading Devices . Lund.
42. Sadineni, S. B., Madala, S., & Boehm, R. (2011). Passive building energy savings: A review of
building envelope components. Building and Energy , 15, 3617-3631.
43. Sherman, M., Wilson, D., & Darwin, K. (1986). Variability in Residential Air Leakage. Measured
Air Leakage of Buildings , 394-364.
44. The Chartered Institution of Building Service Engineers. (1999). Environmental Design- CIBSE
Guide A&B. London: Yale Press Ltd.
45. The Swedish Consumer Agency. (n.d.). Retrieved March 2, 2012, from
http://www.konsumentverket.se/energi/
46. Thorsell, T. (2012). Advances in Thermal Insulation: Vacuum Insulation Panels and Thermal
Efficiency to Reduce Energy Usage in Buildings. Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering.
Stockholm : KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
47. Turner, C., & Frankel, M. (2008). Enery Perfomance of LEED for New Construction Buildings .
U.S. Green Building Council.
74
48. (2009). Building Envelope. In W. Turner, Energy Management Handbook (pp. 215-243). Fairmont
Press.
49. Tzempelikos, A., & Athienitis, A. (2006). The impact of shading design and control on building
cooling and lighting demand. Solar Energy , 81, 369-382.
50. United States Green Building Council. (2009). LEED for Existing Buildings. Washington D.C:
USGBC.
51. Universidad Politecnica de Valencia. (n.d.). DP Clima. Retrieved March 29, 2012, from VP Clima:
http://www.vpclima.upv.es/dpclima.htm
52. US Census Bureau. (2010). US Census Bureau. Retrieved February 2012, from Beverly Hills
Housing Data:
http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk
53. US Energy Information Administration. (n.d.). Retrieved 10 12, 2011, from Total Energy- annual
energy review: http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/index.cfm
54. Wallhagen, M., Glaumann, M., & Malmqvist, T. (2011). Basic building life cycle calculations to
decrease contribution to climate change -Case study on an office building in Sweden. Building and
Environment , 1863-1871.
55. Wang, E., Shen, Z., & Berryman, C. (2011). Building Life Cycle Analysis. 47th Associated Schools
of Construection Annual International Conference Proceedings. Nebraska.
56. Weidt, J., & Weidt, J. (1979). Air Leakage of Newly Installed Residential Windows. Minnesota:
United States Department of Energy.
57. Weiler, S., & Scholz-Barth, K. (2009). Green Roof System: A Guide to the Planning, Design and
Construction of Landscapes Over Structure. John Wiley and Sons .
58. Woolley, T., & Kimmins, S. (1997). Green Building Handbook (Vol. 1). London: E & FN Spon.
59. Woolley, T., & Kimmins, S. (2000). Green Building Handbook (Vol. 2). London: E & FN Spon.
60. Yudelson, J. (2008). The Green Building Revolution. Washington DC: Island Press.

指導教授

黃榮堯(Rong-Yau Huang)

審核日期

2012-7-23

推文