中文摘要 台灣從1993年開始推動「廣播頻道開放政策」，經過十梯次申請核准，全國共有171家電台林立，但是弱勢族群媒體卻是屈指可數、寥寥無幾，而台灣客家電台從｢國語政策｣的戒嚴管制，歷經「還我母語運動」的推波助瀾，到｢頻道開放｣的大鳴大放，而今面臨｢市場競爭｣的生存轉型之發展。本研究以Bourdieu的場域論與資本論的觀點，來探討全國各地客家電台所賦有的生存心態和資本結構，如何在競爭激烈的廣播場域中發揮不同的效力並致力實踐。 本研究以台灣11家客家電台為研究對象，透過質性的深度訪談及次級資料的分析，獲致以下研究發現： 一、客家電台賦有的生存心態因族群背景、經營理念、意識形態與所在地域等的不同，而使得客家電台各類資本呈現差異，以及做出不同的因應策略。 二、客家電台各類資本的「積累」、「移轉」與「耗弱」，會影響其在廣播場域的競爭力與經營型態。 三、客家電台場域競爭的優勢取決客家族群聽眾的收聽習性以及人口多寡和密度。 四、「四縣腔」與「海陸腔」在客家電台的優勢傳播，已經壓縮排擠其他客家弱勢語系的發展空間。 五、客家的文化資本是電台拼搏市場的重要動能。 最後，本研究從客家電台成功經驗與實務營運法則，提供其他廣播業者借鏡參考與省思，建議政府應更重視客家廣播政策與弱勢媒體近用權，並審慎推動廣播頻道開放空間與審核機制，期望落實發揮客家電台功能與傳播效益，才能讓台灣的天空繼續傳承客家母語和文化。 Abstract Since 1993, Taiwan implemented the “Policy for Lifting the Ban on Broadcast Channels”. After ten sequential groups of applications and approbations, 171 ratio stations all over Taiwan were founded, while only very few media of disadvantaged ethnic groups were founded. Hakka radio stations in Taiwan, having undergone the curfew control of “National Language Policy”, the upsurge enthusiasm stimulated by the “Campaign of Resuming Mother Languages”, and unbridled free expression at the age of “channel ban lift”, are now undergoing the development of survival transformation in “market competition.” This study adopted Bourdieu’s perspectives of field theory and capital theory to investigate all Hakka radio stations’ inborn habitus and capital structure, and how each of them exerted effect respectively in the competitive broadcast field and endeavored to practice them. This study enrolled 11 Hakka radio stations as subjects. The following findings were yielded through qualitative in-depth interviews and analysis of secondary information: 1.Various types of capitals of Hakka radio stations varied with their inborn habitus and made different responding policies due to difference in their ethnic background, managing philosophy, ideology, and region. 2.”Accumulation”, “transfer” and “depletion and weakness” of various capitals of Hakka radio stations influenced their competiveness and operational mode in the broadcast field. 3.Advantage of Hakka radio stations in field competition was determined by number and density of Hakka audiences. 4. Broadcast advantage hold by Hakka broadcast stations using Sixian and Hailu tunes have compressed developmental space of other language systems of Hakka language. 5.Cultural capital of Hakka was important kinetic energy for the competitive market of radio stations. Finally, this study served as reflection and introspection for other broadcast stations based on experience and practical operational rules of successful Hakka radio stations, and also suggested our government concerning more about the broadcast policy for Hakka and access right of disadvantaged media, and opening more space for broadcast channels deliberately and performing the mechanism of review. It is hoped that Hakka ratio stations’ function could be implemented thoroughly and transmission efficacy is realized so as to allow Taiwan’s sky proceed the mission of transmitting the mother language and culture of Hakka.
