| 摘要: | 危害辨識、風險評估和風險控制是職業安全衛生管理系統的關鍵步驟，有效的職業安全衛生管理系統必須能夠控制與事業單位相關作業產生的傷害和職業病的風險。為達到該目的，必須建立危險辨識和風險評估的方法及評估相關的風險，並確定風險的可接受度，最終確定適當的風險控制措施。危害辨識可分為作業危害辨識及製程安全評估二種，作業危害辨識係探討人員於不同作業條件所面臨的危害，如人員暴露於高溫、使用鋒利工具或是高處作業，而製程安全評估主要探討製程所使用物料的特性及製程操作偏離所引起的危害。文獻雖提起危害辨識的重要性，但常見的危害辨識方法以製程安全評估為主，例如危害可操作性分析，因此本研究擬建立職業安全危害辨識方法。 本研究參考HSG 65「成功的安全衛生管理」、BS 8800「職業安全衛生管理系統指引」、OHSAS 18001「職業安全衛生管理系統-規範」、臺灣職業安全衛生管理系統指導綱要和新加坡人力部「風險評估指引」等文獻，歸納常見作業危害來源、危害類型、可能的危害發生過程，並以查核表分析方法整合上述資料，製作危害辨識查核表，本研究利用作業安全分析步驟延伸成為危害辨識查核表使用步驟，但所列舉的危害類型不包含長時間作業造成的職業病及心理疾病。本研究利用鋼柱吊掛作業、侷限空間作業及槽車卸料作業為案例，驗證本研究所建立之危害辨識方法的可行性。 研究結果顯示本論文所提危害辨識方法，可有效的辨識作業場所潛在的危害及可能的危害發生過程，達到建置可行的作業危害辨識方法及協助後續風險評估的效益。Hazard identification, risk assessment and risk control is a critical element of an occupational health and safety, OH&S, management system. An effective OH&S management system must be capable of controlling all risks of injury and ill health associated with an organization’s activities. This is achieved by developing a methodology for hazard identification and risk assessment, identifying hazards, estimating the associated risks, determining the acceptability of the risks and, finally, determining the appropriate risk controls. Significant hazard must be identified before any proper risk control can be designed implemented. The purpose of hazard identification is to recognize the source, situation or activity that has the potential for harm in terms of human injury or ill health or both and define the hazard characteristics. The general hazard identification methodologies can be classified as process hazard analysis and occupational hazard analysis. The most commonly used hazard analysis methodology for process safety analysis is hazard and operability study, HazOp. However, unlike HazOp, well-defined and widely accepted methods for occupational hazard analysis do not exist. Most occupational health and safety management system standards or guidelines only provide principles or recommendations. It is up to the individual organizations to develop their own occupational hazard identification methods. Therefore, the aim of this study is to design an effective methodology for occupational hazard analysis. The proposed methodology combines the principles of checklist and job safety analysis. The rationale for choosing checklist is for its ease of use while job safety analysis is selected for its emphasis on breaking down a job into sequential procedures. iii Hazard identification principles of HSG65, BS 8800, OHSAS 18001, Taiwan Occupational Safety and Health Management System Guidelines and the Singapore Ministry of Manpower’s risk assessment guidelines are adopted in designing the occupational hazard checklist. Elements of the checklist include work conditions such as work environment and location, equipment/tools/machinery involved, energy source and materials. From the work conditions, the source of hazard, possible accident scenarios and types of injury can then be identified. Effectiveness of the proposed occupational hazard identification technique is validated with three types of operations such as steel beam hanging, confined space entry and chemical tanker unloading. Test results demonstrate that the proposed method is capable of effectively identifying physical and chemical hazards associated with different types of jobs. |
