| 摘要: | 本研究主要目的在於探討閩客通婚的女性對於族群認同的看法，並且從女性的族群記憶觀點來分析閩客族群邊界流動的過程。近年來台灣的客家研究逐漸受到重視，這樣的轉變與閩?客概念之區辨有關，加上閩客通婚的情形非常普遍，閩南與客家族群的族群認同觀與閩客族群之間的互動也受到關注，對於每天徘徊在閩客邊界上生活的通婚女性而言感受將更為深刻，因為女性文化再生產的角色對一個族群的建構是重要關鍵，而從閩客通婚女性的角度探索她們的族群記憶與族群認同，以發現閩客族群邊界流動的多樣性，將對未來的族群研究具有意義。 本研究以24位閩客通婚的女性作為口述訪談的研究對象，並以世代、族群、婚姻作為設計變項，將研究對象設定為55~67歲與28~40歲兩組，並從這兩組中設定各6位閩南族群嫁給客家族群或客家族群嫁給閩南族群的女性，進行婚前與婚後族群記憶的比較，尤其是婚後情境改變對受訪對象族群認同與記憶的影響。本研究在理論觀點部分，分別從族群認同理論、集體記憶理論作為基礎，並且檢閱族群通婚與客家族群認同的研究文獻。在經驗研究方面，則藉由受訪的24位女性對閩客族群記憶的口述訪談資料，首先分析她們自己本身在族群通婚前後於日常生活實踐的不同層面上，例如祖先祭祀、家事處理、語言使用或族群意象等，所面臨閩客族群記憶與族群認同的改變過程，再者則從她們對下一代族群記憶與認同觀的傳承，來間接反應她們對於閩客族群相異的認同與記憶的承載，進而探究閩客族群邊界在女性生活世界中流動的多重變化。 本研究認為族群邊界的流動，應當考量社會結構的族群關係和家庭結構的性別關係，同時應當從日常生活的細緻文化實作面向來討論族群記憶與認同，尤其是女性角色對族群記憶延續與保存的重要性。本論文發現不同族群、世代的閩客通婚女性在不同情境下的族群記憶與認同改變過程相當多元，族群邊界的流動方式也是多重變化，因此未來客家族群認同的研究應從多方面進行考量，而通婚女性在文化實作表現的族群記憶，將為客家研究提供新的思考與發展方向，致使族群認同觀可以更貼近人們的日常生活。 The thesis examines how intermarriage influences women’s ethnic memory and their perception of ethnic identity and how their memory and perception reflects the social process in which the boundary Hokkien and Hakka shifts with different situations. Hakka people have continuously interacted with Hokkien people since they immigrated to Taiwan. An indication of the growing cultural and social interchange between the two groups is the increasing frequency with which intermarriages between the two groups have taken place. Though much research has been done in recent years on the interaction between Hokkien and Hakka, intermarried women have seldom been accorded a place in the study of that interaction. Because they have encountered the “other” culture, the culture of their husbands’ group, at the most mundane level, cultural and social differences make more profound an impact on them than on others. They confront and experience those differences in the details of everyday cultural practices, such as ancestry worship, family cuisine, the use of a different dialect, and the education of children. Since they straddle two cultures and since they play a pivotal role in cultural reproduction, they contribute not only to the transmission and preservation of ethnic memory and heritage but to the fluidity of identity-formation and to the changing complexity in the negotiation of the cultural boundary between Hokkien and Hakka. Drawing on theories of collective memory and ethnic identity-formation, the thesis analyzes the stories told by intermarried women about the differences between their pre-marital and post-marital lives. The twenty-four women interviewed belong to two age categories: ages 28-40 and ages 55-67. Of the twenty-four, twelve are Hakka women married to Hokkien men while the other twelve are Hokkien women married to Hakka men. Each group of women comprises six members of each age category. By analyzing their narratives, the thesis argues that ethnic identity is to be located not only at the macro-level, in the social relation between different ethnic groups and the gender relation in the family, but at the micro-level, in the plurality of the domestic and the everyday. Furthermore, intermarried women provide a unique perspective from which to look at the interaction between Hokkien and Hakka cultures. Having been brought up in a culture different from that of their husbands and compelled to accommodate themselves to the latter, they participate in the everyday practice of the “other” ethnic community with mixed feelings accompanied by a sense of mixed identities. Positioned in the cultural interface between two ethnic groups, they tend to see the relation between those groups as multifarious, the boundary between those groups as fluid, and ethnic identity-formation as a social process shifting with changing life-situations. By embedding their ethnic memory and the social process of identity-formation in their involvement in, and their negotiation with, the everyday practice of the other culture, they offer new directions for Hakka studies. |
