都市客家隱形化之族群認同經驗

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题名:	都市客家隱形化之族群認同經驗
作者:	黃玉嬌;Huang,Yu-chiao
贡献者:	客家研究碩士在職專班
关键词:	都市客家;隱形化;族群認同;Urban Hakka;group recognition;invisibility
日期:	2013-07-19
上传时间:	2013-08-22 11:50:14 (UTC+8)
出版者:	國立中央大學
摘要:	客家族群一直以來都和遷移有關係，從大陸原鄉遷移到台灣的客家人，也在台灣內部不斷的進行遷移。1960年至1970年，台灣經濟快速發展，台北都市是政治、經濟、文化、行政中心，形成吸納人口遷移的條件，在其周圍的桃、竹、苗地區是客家人的集中地，有大量的農村人口因著就業、就學而往都市遷移。遷移到台北市的客家族群，散居在台北市各處，相對於在人口、經濟優勢的閩南族群與政治上優勢的外省族群環伺下，客家人顯然是少數且弱勢的族群。在族群互動的過程中，客家人自卑而缺乏自信，為求謀生不得不學習優勢族群的語言，為了適應都市的社會環境，策略性的選擇將自己族群的語言、文化隱藏起來，客家族群意識日漸淡薄，在私領域中國語取代母語，公領域中以國語、閩南語為主，因此才會出現客家都市隱形化的情形。客家族群成為社會的隱形人，並不表示客家語言、文化就被同化了，而是客家族群因為城鄉遷移，為了要適應都市社會環境的過程。1988年的「還我母語」大遊行，喚起都市客家人的族群意識，使客家認同再現，逐漸擺脫隱形化的困境。2001年客委會成立之後，致力於振興客家語言、文化，不斷的在公領域上展現客家語言文化，也提供了凝聚客家人的場合，提升客家族群的認同。在這多元文化的都市社會中，能讓其他族群認識、了解客家語言文化，進而各個族群都能彼此接納。 The Hakka group has always been connected with migration. The Hakka people moved from Mainland China to Taiwan and has kept moving within Taiwan. From the 1960s to the 1970s, Taiwan’s economy developed quickly. Taipei became the center of politics, the economy, culture, and administration, which attracted people to immigrate there. The peripheral districts, Taoyuan, Hsinchu, and Miaoli, are where Hakka people concentrated. A lot of farm village people moved to the city for work and to study. Hakka people, who moved to Taipei City were, scattered around the city. Compared to Minnan people who have the advantages in population and economically, and mainlanders who have political advantages, the Hakka people are in a minority and vulnerable. When interacting with other groups, Hakka people are self-abasing and lack confidence. They have no choice but to learn the language of the predominant groups and strategically hide their language and culture in order to adapt to the social environment in the city. As a result, the group awareness of the Hakka is getting weaker. They speak Chinese instead of their mother tongue in private and Mandarin and Taiwanese in public. This is why there is the phenomenon known as the invisible Hakka in the city. Hakka people become invisible in society however, this does not mean that the Hakka language and culture are being assimilated. Instead, this is the process of Hakka people adapting in the city because of migration. The parade “Give my mother tongue back” in 1988 awakened the group awareness of Hakka people living in the city. Hakka recognition reappeared and gradually got rid of “the invisible”.The Hakka Affairs Council, established in 2001, is devoted to promoting the Hakka language and culture, and displaying them in public. Also, it provides places for Hakka people to gather around and elevates recognition of the Hakka. In the multi-culturale society, let other groups understand and know Hakka language and culture. Furthermore, every group can accepts each other.
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