| 摘要: | 核電廠除役指核子反應器設施永久停止運轉後，為使設施及其土地資源能再度供開發利用，所採取之各項措施。包含對物料、建物結構及泥土進行輻射調查、檢測與除污、拆除設備、拆除建築結構，以及管理因而產生的放射性廢棄物。依據我國核子反應器設施管制法規定，所有核設施都需要準備除役計畫書和除役成本估算，這些估算可協助確保籌集足額的經費，以支應核能設施除役所需。
除役成本估算依執行時程不同而目的各異。例如在計畫概念設計階段，成本估算的目的在預估專案總經費；當進入申請許可階段，主管機關及利益關係人則會對除役基金實際籌措機制更關心，以確保執行除役時有足夠經費。除役成本評估的格式、內容及實際作法往往有極大差異，主要原因來自於不同國家對除役範疇、時程或其他規範存在差異所致。這些差異使得成本估算程序愈趨複雜，且缺乏透明度；若存在一個標準化的成本估算架構，我們可藉著比較相似核設施的除役成本估算結果，來改善成本估算的真實性。
世界經濟暨合作發展組織核能署(OECD/NEA)在2012年發表了一份報告「International Structure for Decommissioning Costing (ISDC) of Nuclear Installations」，係由OECD/NEA、國際原子能總署( IAEA)以及歐盟( European Commission)共同推動，期望建立一個統一的除役成本評估架構。三個組織推動跨國合作，更新1999年所發表之「Nuclear Decommissioning: A Proposed Standardized List of Items for Costing Purposes」報告(簡稱黃皮書)，並且納入合作成員國使用經驗。評估發現有些國家直接套用黃皮書的成本架構，有些國家則將其自有成本評估結果套用本架構進行比對。各國使用結論並不完全一致，其原因一為各國主管機關要求評估項目不盡相同；也發現部分成本項目定義模稜兩可，需要加強其一致性。然而，普遍認同此ISDC架構將可提昇核電廠除役成本估算的一致性。
本文初步介紹ISDC架構，彙集CS核電廠部分系統、建物之特性調查資料，並以反應器壓力容器及內部組件為例，說明使用ISDC架構之流程。; “Decommissioning Nuclear Power Plants” refers to the actions taken when a power company decides to close its nuclear power plant permanently. These include survey of materials, installations and soil for radioactivity levels; decontamination and dismantling of equipment, building; and subsequently manage the resulting radioactive wastes. The “Nuclear Reactor Facilities Regulation Act” of the ROC has strict rules governing nuclear power plant decommissioning, mandates that each nuclear facility has to have a plan and a set of cost estimates for its decommissioning, to ensure accumulation of enough funding for its final decommissioning.
The goals of costing may vary according to the various stages of the actions. For example, during the planning stage, the goal is to allocate enough total budge for the plan; after its approval, the regulatory authority and the stake holders may be more interested in raising enough resources for the actions. There is no standard format for cost estimations in nuclear power plants decommissioning. It very much depends on differences in governmental regulations, time lines, and other constraints. These differences result in lack of visibilities and complexities in planning. If there is a set of standardized guide lines, various plans can be compared, and thereby improved, and hopefully able to mirror realities.
The Nuclear Energy Agency of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD/NEA) published a “International Structure for Decommissioning Costing (ISDC) of Nuclear Installations” in 2012. It is a collaborative effort among OECD/NEA, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the European Commission, aiming at establishing a unified decommissioning costing architecture. These three international organizations hope to promote international co-operations, and use the new guidelines to replace the “Nuclear Decommissioning: A Proposed Standardized List of Items for Costing Purposes” of 1999 (colloquially known as “The Yellow Book”), incorporating members' experiences. The study revealed that some countries directly adopted the structure proposed by the Yellow Book, while some countries have their own costing methods, and only conducted comparisons with the structure. These lead to varying conclusions, which may be due to differences in country specific evaluation items, and ambiguities in the items. In general, the ISDC are perceived to be able to increase consistencies in costing.
This study started out by introducing the ISDC architecture. Subsequently, this study collected related data from a nuclear power plant “CS” which has been identified as a target for decommissioning, including characteristics of systems and buildings, and take the reactor pressure vessel and internal components as examples to illustrate the procedures and applications of the ISDC architecture. |
