本論文旨在探討清末民初之政治轉變時，由張之江領導的國術「治」國運動中的科學話語建構及其延伸的權力效應，如何具體呈現在對於個人與家國、私有與公共、及身體與性╱別分化的「民族國家」現代化想像與實踐上。具體而言，本論文首先分析，張之江如何借用科學話語，將過去的武術文化描繪成個人與私利的，藉此收納鄉里間的資源，成為中央國術館與體制學校中推動國術教育，並進而打造國術成為國家統治／治理的「公共性」資源。此一國術與洋體育有關於現代性路線的衝突與競逐，展現出國術「治」國運動中科學主義的一面。另一方面，本論文則聚焦討論國術界如何透過權責相符的論述，要求女性承擔責任，並透過當時優生學的視角，呼籲女性推動家庭內國術訓練與產生康健愛國的子代，就此將女性的身體解放，置換成為國家發展的「私有」資源，並且再次將女子身體置於國家現代化的工具理性之下。藉由以新科學哲學對於知識／權力的詮釋，本論文指認在這場運動中當代國族慾望以科學與現代性的外衣包裝為大公，而歷史中的中國傳統武術與性別階序成為非科學的專制封建之私，排列出非科學／科學、封建專制／當代民族國家、 私／公等各種知識的簡化公式與權力關係。;This thesis examines the ways in which Zhang Zhijiang articulates the scientific discourses in directing Guo-Shu (national martial arts) movement against the historical backdrop of political transition into a modern “nation-state” from the late Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China. In my examination of the history, I specifically explore the implicated knowledge/power effects of the scientific modernity that inform the modern divisions of the personal and the national; the private and the public; body and gender/sexuality. First of all, this study analyzes how Zhang employs a scientific language in depicting the “traditional” martial arts as merely for self-fulfillment of personal gains so as to incorporate the local resources to advance the institutionalization of Guo-Shu (Central National Institution of Guo-Shu) and the national development of Guo-Shu education at school. The competition between Western-style physical education and Guo-Shu as indicating the divisions of modernity shows what I argue the scientism in Guo-Shu movement, on the one hand. I also investigate how Zhang and his followers utilize the scientific discourses of eugenics to demand women’s participation in Guo-Shu training at home to better the national strength. To promote the Guo-Shu practices by women in domestic domain, as I contend, displaces women’s physical liberation onto the privatization of female bodies for national development, once again instrumentalizing female sexualities for scientific rationality. Drawing on the knowledge/power theory in the philosophy of science, this research identifies the contradictions of scientific modernity that conflates national desires with ultraistic public good by relegating the traditional martial arts and the related social hierarchies of gender and sexuality to unscientific autocratic feudalism. By interrogating the contradictions of scientific knowledge and power, my thesis challenges the dichotomies of feudalism and modernity; backwardness and science.
